Besides the rare form just mentioned, we have haemorrhage resulting from various causes. Ulcers of various sorts lead to it, especially cancerous and typhoid. Passive hyperaemia is also not infrequently a cause, especially when it depends on obstruction of the portal system in the liver. In this case haemorrhage is more liable to be from the large intestine than the small. Intussusception and hernia, by obstructing the vessels, may induce haemorrhage by a local passive hyperaemia.

Literature

Litten, Virch. Arch., lxiii., 1875; Moves, (literature fully) Glasg. Med. Jour., xiv., 1880; Grawitz, Virch. Arch., ex., 1887; Parenski, Wien. Med. Jahrb., iii., 1876.