Hops contain a small quantity of asparagin, a liquid alkaloid, lupuline, and lupulinic acid. Their external use is efficacious partly through the irritation of the last and a true dermatitis may result from the use of a poultice. Hops are mildly hypnotic and sedative and are sometimes used as an anaphrodisiac, inconsistently enough, in just the cases of gonorrhoea in which asparagus is considered contraindicatecl.

Bitter almonds, peach pits, cherry pits, etc., yield hydrocyanic acid from the interaction of emulsin and amygdalin, the latter not being present in sweet almonds. The therapeutic and possible toxic action is obvious.

Bananas, especially when cooked, develop a strong odor of amyl nitrite and occasionally produce mild symptoms of vascular dilatation.

Barberries, occasionally eaten raw or made into a sauce or preserve, contain the bitter, yellow alkaloid, berberine, also found in hydrastis and many other plants.

Infusion of beets has been employed as a laxative and as an astringent for haemorrhoids and chronic colitis.

Carrots, parsnips, sweet cicely, celery, anise, caraway, dill, coriander, archangelica, parsley, like all other umbelliferae, contain volatile oils which are poisonous in sufficient dose but which are not much used medicinally. Parsnips are said to be poisonous if used the second year. The bleaching of celery by burying in sandy soil, aids in freeing the stalks and leaves of their volatile oil.

Iceland moss (the candy commonly thus called is merely sugar flavored with anise) beside being used as a nutrient, is of value as a demulcent and is also considered haemostatic, haemo-tinic and expectorant and is considered efficacious in elephantiasis.

Liquorice, beside containing a considerable amount of sugar, contains asparagin and is used as an expectorant.

Pomegranate rind contains the same liquid alkaloid, pelletier-ine, as the bark of the root and. therefore, has anthelmintic properties.

Manna is derived from the tamarisk, oak, larch, flowering ash (but only in warm climates) and the Indian Alhagi plant (a legume) and is laxative as well as nutritive.

Pumpkin seeds are anthelmintic but may also be used as food.

Potatoes, tomatoes, and egg plant, like all solanaceae, contain mydriatic alkaloids, but not to any appreciable degree in the edible portions. However, green parts, even raw potato peelings, may produce mild poisoning.

May apple, occasionally eaten, belongs to the same genus as the officcinal podophyllum and may produce violent catharsis, especially if eaten green or if the rind is eaten.

Horse radish, water cress, mustard, turnip, radish, all contain aromatic sulphur-compounds, which are more or less irritating.

Limes, lemons, oranges, grape fruit, etc., all contain antiseptic oils in the skins and the fruit contains considerable quantities of citric and malic acids, according to its sourness.

Grapes are rich in tartaric acid and the skins in tannin.

Cucumbers, squashes and pumpkins belong to a family pervaded with a bitter, cathartic principle and the occasional gastric distress and diarrhoea especially noted after eating cucumbers seems to be due sometimes to an unusual quantity of this principle, although frequently explainable by fermentative processes.

Wintergreen berries contain some methyl salicylate and cranberries more benzoic acid than is allowed by law in any substance sold for food.

Persimmons, until touched by the frost, are bitter and cathartic.

Pennyroyal, lavender, sage, hoarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, rosemary, catnip, occasionally employed for flavoring, belong to the mint or labiate family, all members of which possess a volatile oil more or less medicinal but not toxic except in large dose.

Slippery elm, a valuable demulcent, is to a slight degree nutritive.

Tapioca and manioc are prepared from the roots of the cassava. The sap is poisonous but is removed by washing.

Various nuts contain acrid, if not actually medicinal or toxic principles in their outer coats.

Vanilla is locally irritating to the skin, conjunctiva, alimentary canal and urinary passages by excretion. It is somewhat aphrodisiac but all of these effects are rare except in those industrially engaged, owing to the minute quantity commonly employed in foods.

Garlic and onions contain allyl sulphid which is expectorant, antiseptic and somewhat irritating. It may produce intense gastro-enteric irritation though the effect is more marked in persons having an idiosyncrasy, which is not entirely explainable as a psychic dislike to the flavor, since symptoms may develop when there is no knowledge of having eaten onions or garlic.

The graminaceae include the grasses and grains or true cereals, the former constituting the principle fodder of stock animals, the latter one of the most important foods of man. Wood states that the whole family contains but one poisonous or even suspicious genus, lolium, but oats are markedly stimulant and aphrodisiac to horses and they contain an active principle, avenin, which seems to be slightly toxic to man, if the use is long continued. Buckwheat, though not belonging among the true cereals., may be mentioned here as liable to produce indigestion and skin eruptions if used to any great extent.

Honey and the flesh of birds and mammals is sometimes toxic by virtue of introduction of poisons from plants. A classic instance is the effect of honey made from laurel flowers upon the army of Xerxes, mentioned by Xenophon. Even buckwheat honey may cause alimentary derangements.

The paw paw and pine apple - not to mention the insectivorous plants not used as food - contain digestive ferments similar to trypsin and amylopsin, acting in alkaline, acid or neutral media, and less sensitive to temperature than animal ferments but destroyed by boiling. Pineapple, however, often lacks any digestive power.