New Methods In Diet Calculations. Part 5

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This section is from the book "Food And Dietetics", by Alice Peloubet Norton. Also available from Amazon: Food and Dietetics.

New Methods In Diet Calculations. Part 5

Food Values In Calories Per Ounce

In some respects Dr. Kellogg's method of giving the composition of foods in food units (calories) per ounce is simpler and more useful in the actual calculation of dietaries. By having a table with composition in food units, the day's ration may be calculated by simple addition, combined with a little mental multiplication. If the results are wanted in ounces, the calories of proteid or carbohydrate are divided by 116, and calories of fat by 264. For grams, the factor is 4.1 for proteids and carbohydrate and 9.3 for fats.

Such a table is given in the Battle Creek Sanitarium Diet List which contains the composition of all foods served at that institution in calories per ounce. Dr. Fisher's method of serving the food in "standard portions" has been adopted and the figures by that method of calculation are also given in the last edition of the booklet.

The Diet List also contains tables giving normal height, weight, skin surface and calories required, on the average, for men and women, boys and girls, per day. Some of these tables are given in the following pages, also the calculation of a dietary with the figures in calories per ounce and one with food served in 100 calorie portions.

These tables are based on Professor Chittenden's standards and so are lower in proteid requirements and total food value than the Atwater standard dietaries. For example, the diet for an average man, 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighing 157 pounds, is given as 236 calories of proteid, 708 calories of fat, 1,416 calories of carbohydrates, with a total of 2,360 calories per day.

The Atwater standard for man with light exercise is 100 grams of proteid, 100 grams of fat, 360 grams of carbohydrate, or on a calorie basis: 410 calories of proteid, 930 calories of fat, 1,476 calories of carbohydrate, total 2,816 calories or nearly 20 per cent higher in total food value.

Under the Chittenden standard, of every 100 food units about 10 should be proteid, 30 fat and 60 carbohydrate. Based on the Atwater standard, of 100 food units, about 14 are proteid, 32 fat, and 52 carbohydrate.

It must be remembered that no one in formulating a "standard diet" attempts to give anything more than a possible average, from which to vary, according to conditions. It is recognized that health may be maintained on various proportions of proteid and that the ratio of fat to carbohydrates is immaterial, provided digestion remains perfect.

The following table has been taken from some of the figures in the Diet List. The figures based on standard portions are omitted.

Note - Members of the School are expected hereafter to solve question No. 21, Part I, Food and Dietetics - "Calculate the amount of proteid, carbondrate and fat in your own diet for one day," in the usual way, as shown on page 193, and by the "calories per ounce" method, using the following figures. The total calories should be found by each method. The two figures will not come out exactly the same, but should be approximate.

Also plot one of these meals on the enlarged "Food Map" on page 223. Find the "center of gravity" by the method shown in Figs. 9 and 10. This is most easily done by marking and folding a strip of paper to find halves, thirds, etc. Say what the resulting point represents in terms of calories and of ounces of proteids, fats and carbohydrates. Give full details.

These "Food Maps" may be obtained of the School in quantity, printed on good paper - 25 for 10 cents, 100 for 30 cents (in stamps).

Food Values In Food Units Per Ounce

	Proteid	Calories Per Ounce
	Proteid	Fat	Carbohydrate	Total
Apples,baked...	.6	1.3	28.4	30.3
Apples,fresh...	. 2.75	7.15	91.3	101.1
Apple sauce...	.3	.8	20.6	21.7
Apricots....	1.3	0	15.6	16.9
Asparagus in cream......................	. 2.8	17	4.9	24.7
Bananas................................	1.5	1.6	25.7	28.8
Barley,pearl...	2.97	.87	27.24	31.08
Beans, string, (cooked)...................	.9	2.9	2.2	6
Beets,(cooked)...	2.7	.3	8.6	11.6
Biscuit,cream...	. 10.3	27.5	49.6	87.5
Blanc Mange,Farina...	4.16	21.56	18.6	44.4
Bread, corn.............................	. 8.5	12.3	52	72.8
Bread,graham...	. 10.4	4.8	60.8	76
Bread,rye...	. 10.5	1.6	62.1	74.2
Bread, white............................	9.3	3.7	63.4	76.4
Bread,whole wheat...	. 11.3	2.4	58	71.7
Buns...	7.3	17.3	66.8	91.4
Butter, (dairy)...........................	1.2	226.6	0	227.8
Buttermilk..............................	3.5	1.3	5.6	10.4
Cake ,frosted...	. 6.8	24	74.9	105.7
Cake,layer...	. 8.2	45.1	76.5	130.6
Cake,sponge...	. 12.4	14.2	94.2	120.8
Candy, (Sanitas chocolates)...............	1	3.8	85.2	90
Canteloupe...	.7		10.9	11.6
Carrots,creamed...	2.01	7.5	10.3	19.8
Cashew nuts....	. 28.87	125.7	28.24	182.81
Celery..................................	1.3	.3	3.9	5.5
Cheese,cottage...	. 19.9	12.4	5.1	37.3
Crackers, graham.........................	. 11.7	25.1	86.1	122.9
Crackers,oatmeal...	. 13.3	29.6	80.5	123.8
Cream...	. 2.9	49.3	5.3	57.5
Cream sauce...	3.7	22.9	9	35.6
Custard,caramel...	5.2	11.4	23.6	40.2
Custard,plain...	. 5.7	13	12.5	31.2
Dates...	2.5	7.5	91.5	101.5
Eggs,poached,etc...	16.3	32		48.3
Eggs(each,whole,a'v'g)...	. 26.3	41.9		68.2
Egg (white)each...	. 15.5	.6		16.1
Eggs (yolk) each...	10.8	41.3		52.1
Figs...	.5	8	86.6	92.4
Grape fruit...	.9	.5	11.8	13.2
Grapes...	1.16	3.2	16.6	20.9
Gruel,barley...	1.48	.7	10.2	12.39
Gruel,oatmeal...	1.3	1.4	5.8	8.5
Honey...	.5		94.7	95.2
Macaroni and tomato...	5	3.86	17.16	26
Maple syrup...			83	83
Mayonnaise,cooked...	6.87	S7.1	2.85	76.8

	Proteid	Calories Per Ounce
	Proteid	Fat	Carbohydrate	Total
Milk skimmed...	4	.8	6	10.8
Milk,whole...	3.8	11	5.8	20.6
Nut butter...............................	34.2	124	20	178.2
Nuts,almonds...	24.5	146.4	20.2	101.1
Nuts,Brazil...	19.8	178.1	8.2	206.1
Nuts,Filberts...	18.2	174.1	15.2	207.5
Nuts,Pecans...	11.2	188	17.8	217.8
Nuts,walnuts,Eng...	19.4	169.2	18.2	206.8
Oats, rolled (cooked)......................	3.3	1.3	13.4	18
Olive oil...	0	264.1	0	264.1
Olives,ripe(7)...	2	69.1	5	76.1
Onions, boiled.............................	1.13	4.29	5.1	10.52
Oranges...	.9	.5	13.5	14.9
Parsnips,creamed...	2.56	6.5	17.29	26.35
Peanuts...	30.1	102.9	8.5	161.5
Pears...	.7	1.3	16.5	18.5
Peas,green...	7.8	9.1	17.5	34.4
Pie,apple...	7.5	18	37.2 .	62.7
Pie,custard...	4.9	16.8	30.5	52.2
Pie,squash...	4.27	22.7	36.5	63.5
Potatoes,baked...	3.4	.4	28.9	32.7
Potatoes,boiled...	2.9	.3	24.4	27.6
Potatoes,mashed...	3	8	20.8	31.8
Potatoes, sweet, browned...................	4.11	11.25	59.7	75
Prunes(cooked)...	.8	.3	26.4	27.5
Pudding,baked Indian...	4.8	21.8	20	46.6
Pudding, bread custard....................	6.44	32	19.12	37.56
Pudding, snow............................	4.78	9.22	16.37	30.38
Pudding,apple tapioca...	4.5	17.58	26.44	48.5
Raisins...	. 3	8.8	88.8	100.6
Rice,boiled...	3.3	.3	28.5	32.1
Salad,apple and celery...	2.26	4.27	26.16	32.7
Salad, egg mayonnaise.....................	13.37	30.66	1.46	44.5
Salad,potato...	4.56	25.77	15.06	45.39
Sandwich,cottage cheese...	11.2	33.9	37.6	82.8
Soup, cream of celery...	2.8	19	4.7	26.5
Soup,cream of potato...	2.7	19.2	.9	30.9
Soup,split,pea..	7.18	1.85	18.07	27.1
Soup,tomato bisque...	3.1	10.5	2.4	16
Soup,vegetable...	.96	5.71	6.9	13.5
Spinach...	3.3	1	4.93	9.3
Squash,staemed or canned...	1	1.3	12.3	14.6
Sugar (granulated)...	0	0	116.6	116.6
Toast,breakfast...	11.4	27.5	86.2	125.15
Toasted,cream...	4.15	29.9	13.6	47.6
Tomatoes,stewed or canned...	1.4	.5	4.7	6.6
Wheat flakes,toasted...	11	3.9	88.9	103.8
Zwieback....	11.4	26.4	85.8	123.6

	Proteid	Calories Per Ounce
	Proteid	Fat	Carbohydrate	Total
FLESH FOODS
Beef,roasted (flat)...	18.14	136.85	0	155.26
Beef,round(boiled,lean)...	40.9	4.54	0	45.6
Bouillon...	2.3	.3	3	3
Chicken (broilors)...	24.6	6.56	0	31.16
Cod fish...	19.3	1.02	0	20.32
Goose...	18.1	95.4	0	113.5
Halibut(steak)...	21.78	13.9	0	35.68
Lamb chops(boiled)...	25.3	79.7	0	105
Lamb (leg,roast)...	22.2	33.3	0	55.5
Liver(veal)...	21.78	13.9	0	35.68
Lobsters...	19	4.8	0	23.82
Mutton (leg,boiled)...	29.1	54.1	0	83.2
Oysters...	7.2	3.23	0	10.43
Pork (bacon, smoked medium fat)...........	11.3	177.3	0	188.6
Pork(ham,boiled)...	25.4	65.4	0	90.3
Pork(loin,chops)...	18.5	84.5	0	103
Salmon(California)...	20.4	46.6	0	66.6
Shad....................................	21.9	25.71	0	47.61
Trout(brook)...	22.2	55.5	0	77.7
Turkey...	24.1	59.1	0	83.2
Veal(leg,boiled)....	30.4	11.2	0	41.6
UNCOOKED FOODSTUFFS.
Barley,pearled...	9.9	2.9	90.8	103.6
Beans(dried)...	26.3	4.8	69.5	100.6
Cocoa...	25.2	77.1	44.0	146.3
Corn,green...	3.6	2.9	23.0	29.5
Cornmeal...	10.7	5.1	87.9	103. 7
Cornstarch...			105.0	105.0
Flour,graham..	15.5	5.9	83.3	104.7
Flour,rye...	7.9	2.4	91.8	102.1
Flour,wheat (entire wheat)...	16.1	5.1	83.8	105.0
Flour,wheat (patent)...	12.6	2.9	87.7	103.2
Lemon juice...	0	0	11.4	11.4
Macaroni...	3.5	4.0	18.4	25.9
Oatmeal...	18.8	19.2	78.8	116.8
Oats,rolled...	19.5	19.5	77.2	116.2
Peas (dried)...	28.7	2.7	72.3	100.7
Peas,green...	8.2	1.3	19.7	29.2
Potatoes...	2.6	.3	21.5	24.4
Rice...	9.0	.8	92.0	101.8
Sweet potatoes...	2.1	1.9	32.0	36.0
Wheat,cracked...	13.0	4.3	88.1	106.6

Tables Showing Average Height, Weight, Skin Surface And Fooa Units Required Daily With Very Light Exercise. Boys

Age	Height in Inches	Weight in founds	Surface in Square Feet	Calories or Food-units
5	41.57	41.09	7.9	816.2
6	43.75	45.17	8.:3	855.9
7	45. 74	49.07	8.8	912.4
8	47.76	53.92	9.4	981.1
9	49.69	59.23	9.9	1,043.7
10	51.58	65.30	10.5	1,117.5
11	53.33	70.18	11.0	1,178.2
12	55.11	76.92	11.6	1,254.8
13	57.21	84.85	12.4	1,352.6
14	59.88	94.91	13.4	1.471.3

Girls

Age	Height in Inches	Weight in founds	Surface in Square Feet	Calories or Food Units
5	41.29	39.66	7.7	7S4.5
6	43.35	43.28	8.1	831.9
7	45.52	47.46	8.5	881.7
8	47.58	52.04	9.2	957.1
9	49.37	57.07	9.7	1,018.5
10	51.34	62.35	10.2	1,081.0
11	53.42	68.84	10.7	1,148.5
12	55.88	78.31	11.8	1.276.8

Men

Height in In.	Weight in Pounds	Surface in Square Ft.	Proteids	Calories or Fond Units		Total
Height in In.	Weight in Pounds	Surface in Square Ft.	Proteids	Fats	Carbohydrates	Total
61	131	15.92	197	591	1,182	1,970
62	133	16.06	200	000	1,200	2,000
63	136	16.27	204	612	1,224	2,040
64	140	16.55	210	630	1,260	2,100
65	143	16.76	215	645	1.290	2.150
66	147	17.06	221	663	1.326	2,210
67	152	17.40	228	684	1.368	2.280
68	157	17.76	236	708	1.416	2.360
69	162	18.12	. 243	729	1.458	2,430
70	167	18.48	251	753	1.506	2.510
71	173	18.91	260	780	1,560	2,600
72	179	19.34	269	807	1,614	2,690
73	185	19.89	278	834	1,668	2,780
74	192	20.33	288	864	1,728	2,880
75	200	20.88	300	900	1,800	3.000

Women

Height in In.	Weight in Pounds	Surface in Square Ft.	Proteids	Calories or Food Units		Total
Height in In.	Weight in Pounds	Surface in Square Ft.	Proteids	Fats	Carbohydrates	Total
59	119	14.82	179	537	1,074	1,790
60	122	15.03	183	549	1,098	1,830
61	124	15 29	186	558	1,116	1.860
62	127	15.50	191	573	1.146	1,910
63	131	15.92	197	591	1.182	1.970
64	134	16.13	201	603	1,206	2.010
65	139	16.48	209	627	1.254	2,090
66	143	16.76r	215	645	1,290	2.150
67	147	17.06	221	663	1,326	2.210
68	151	17.34	227	681	1,362	2.270
69	155	17.64	232	696	1,392	2.320
70	159	17.92	239	717	1,434	2,390

Note - With active exercise an increase of about 20 per cent total food units may be needed.

Dietary Calculation With Food Values In Calories Per Ounce

Breakfast	Proteids	Fats	Carbohydrates	Total
	4.7	.2	6.0
Gluten Gruel 5 oz.	23.5	1.0	30.0
(each)	26.3	41.9
Soft-Boiled Egg	26.3	41.9
			86.2
Malt Honey 1 oz.			86.2
	3.0	8.0	. 20.8
Creamed Potatoes 5 oz.	15.0	40.0	104.0
	11.4	26.4	85.8
Zwieback 2 oz.	22.8	52.8	171.6
	11.2	188.0	17.8
Pecans 3/4 oz.	8.4	141.0	13.4
	.5	1.3	16.6
Apple 5 oz.	2.5	6.5	83.0
	98.5	283.2	488.2	869.9

Dietary Calculation With Food Served In 100 Calories Portions

Dinner	Portions in serving	Proteins	Fats	Carbohydrates	Total
French Soup	1/2	10	20	20
Nut Sauce	1	29	55	16
Macaroni, Egg	1	15	59	26
Baked Potato	2	22	2	176
Cream Gravy	1/2	5	33	12
Biscuit	1 1/2	20	2	128
Butter	l	1	99
Honey	2			200
Celery	1/4	4		21
Apple Juice	1/2			50
	10 1/4	106	270	649	1,025

Hourly Outgo In Heat And Energy From The Human Body As Determined In The Respiration Calorimeter By The U. S. Dept. Of Agriculture

Average (154 lbs).	Calories
Man at rest (asleep)...	.. 65
Sitting up (awake)..	..100
Light exercise...	..170
Moderate exercise...	..190
Severe exercise....	.. .450
Very severe exercise...	. . .600