This section is from the book "Food Ingestion And Energy Transformations", by Francis G. Benedict, Thorne M. Carpenter. See also: Food Combining and Digestion: Easy to Follow Techniques to Increase Stomach Power and Maximize Digestion.
Urinated at 4h42m and 7 p. m. Studied most of time and very quiet. Chewed rapidly and regularly. Basal periods: body-temperature, 36.69° and 36.59° C; pulse rate, 57; respiration rate, 18. Chewing periods: body-temperature, all records, 36.65° C; pulse rate, 58; respiration rate, 19.
Urinated at 7h45m a. m. (after enema) and 4h48m p. m. Sat quietly reading. Rate of chewing, 72 to 107 per minute, first chewing period; 81 to 85 per minute, second chewing period. Basal periods: body-temperature, 36.73° and 36.67° C; pulse rate, 69; respiration rate, 18. Chewing periods: body-temperature, 36.63°, 36.76°, and 36.76° C; pulse rate, 69; respiration rate, 19.
Urinated and defecated without enema before coming to laboratory. Very quiet in first basal period, but less quiet in second period; increasingly restless in chewing periods. Chewed steadily most of time; rate 64 to 96 per minute. Basal periods: body-temperature, 36.83° and 36.68° C; pulse rate, 64; respiration rate, 18. Chewing periods: body-temperature, 36.74°, 36.75°, and 36.76° C; pulse rate, 66; respiration rate, 18.
Urinated 5h30m a. m., 8h35m a. m., and 12h35m p. m. Reported asleep 9h08m, 9h20m, and 9h40m a. m. Basal periods: pulse rate, 60; respiration rate, 18. Chewing periods: pulse rate, 63; respiration rate, 19.
In bed calorimeter. Was quiet throughout experiment except for turning over at beginning of second basal and last two chewing periods; had to be awakened several times in second basal period, but awake most of third basal period. Complained of being warm, but temperature of chamber did not exceed 21° C. at any time. Basal periods: pulse rate, 69; respiration rate, 21. Chewing periods: pulse rate, 79; respiration rate, 22.
Very quiet at beginning of basal periods, but most of experiment restless; very restless in last chewing period, owing to pain in stomach. Basal periods: pulse rate, 62; respiration rate, 20. Chewing periods: pulse rate, 63; respiration rate, 19.
Urinated at 7h45m a. m. Read quietly. Rate of chewing approximately two movements of jaws a second. Basal periods: pulse rate, 68; respiration rate, 15. Chewing periods: pulse rate, 77; respiration rate, 17.
Urinated 6h45m a. m. and lh44m p. m. Very quiet throughout experiment. Rate of chewing, 100 to 106 in first chewing period and 88 to 100 in second chewing period. Basal periods: pulse rate, 68; respiration rate, 15. Chewing periods: pulse rate, 78; respiration rate, 16.
Chewing gum (15 grams). Nitrogen in urine, 0.65 gram1 per 2 hours.
Basal values per 2 hours (April 3, 1906): CO2, 49 grams; O2, 43 grams; heat, 147 cals.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | |
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cols. | cals. | |
2 hours............. | 56 | 7 | 47 | 4 | 153 | 6 |
2 hours............. | 53 | 4 | 47 | 4 | 158 | 11 |
Total (4 hrs.)____ | 109 | 11 | 94 | 8 | 311 | 17 |
Basal values..... | 98 | 86 | 294 | |||
1Sample included amount for about 7 3/4 hours, without food, preceding and following the periods of chewing.
Chewing gum (15 grams). Nitrogen in urine, 0.52 gram1 per 2 hours.
Basal values per 2 hours: CO2, 46 grams (Apr. 4, 1906); O2, 42 grams (Feb. 6 to Apr. 20, 1906); heat, 148 cals. (Apr. 4, 1906).
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | |
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | |
2 hours.............................. | 51 | 5 | 44 | 2 | 151 | 3 |
2 hours.............................. | 48 | 2 | 41 | -1 | 142 | -6 |
Total (4 hours).................... | 99 | 7 | 85 | 1 | 293 | -3 |
Basal values...................... | 92 | 84 | 296 | |||
1Sample included amount for about 51/4 hours, without food, preceding the periods of chewing.
Chewing gum (SO grams). Nitrogen in urine, 0.87 gram1 per 2 hours. Basal values per 2 hours (Apr. 26, 1907): CO2, 57 grams; O2, 50 grams; heat, 166 cals.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | |
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | |
1 hour 51 minutes.................... | 54* | 1 | 472 | 1 | 1542 | 0 |
2 hours.............................. | 57 | 0 | 51 | 1 | 171 | 5 |
Total (3 hrs. 51 min.)............... | 111 | 1 | 98 | 2 | 325 | 5 |
Basal values...................... | 110 | 96 | 320 | |||
Sample included amount for about 5 1/2 hours, without food, preceding the periods of chewing. 2Computed from result for actual period of 2 hours by deducting basal value equivalent to 9 minutes at beginning of experiment when subject was not chewing.
Chewing gum.1 Nitrogen in urine, 0.49 gram2 per hour.
Basal values per hour (Mar. 25, 1910): CO2, 25.5 grams; O2, 21 grams; heat,3 79 cals.; respiratory quotient, 0.88. Nitrogen in urine, 0.30 gram per hour.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat.3 | Respiratory quotient. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | ||
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | ||
48 minutes............... | 23.54 | 3.0 | 20.54 | 3.5 | 644 | 1 | 0.85 |
60 minutes............... | 28.0 | 2.5 | 22.5 | 1.5 | 77 | -2 | .90 |
Total (1 hr. 48 min.)___ | 51.5 | 5.5 | 43.0 | 5.0 | 141 | -1 | |
Basal values........... | 46.0 | 38.0 | 142 | .... | |||
1Amount not recorded.
2Sample included amount for 13/4 hours, without food, preceding the periods of chewing. 3Heat eliminated corrected for change in body-weight, but not for change in body-temperature. 4Computed from result for actual period of 1 hour by deducting basal value equivalent to 12 minutes at beginning of experiment when subject was not chewing.
Chewing gum.1 Nitrogen in urine, 0.32 gram2 per hour.
Basal values per hour (Dec. 19, 1910): CO2, 25.5 grams; O2, 22 grams; heat,3 67 cals.; respiratory quotient, 0.85.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat.3 | Respiratory quotient. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | ||
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | ||
32 minutes................ | 14.54 | 1.0 | 11.54 | 0.0 | 414 | 5 | 0.90 |
45 minutes................ | 20.5 | 1.5 | 16.5 | 0.0 | 54 | 4 | .89 |
67 minutes................ | 31.0 | 2.5 | 28.0 | 3.5 | 92 | 17 | .81 |
Total (2 hrs. 24 min.). . . | 66.0 | 5.0 | 56.0 | 3.5 | 187 | 26 | .... |
Basal value ................... | 61.0 | 52.5 | 161 | ||||
1 Amount not recorded.
2Sample included amount for 4 hours, without food, preceding the periods of chewing. 3Heat eliminated corrected for change in body-weight, but not for change in body-temperature. 4Computed from result for actual period of 45 minutes by deducting basal value equivalent to 13 minutes at beginning of experiment when subject was not chewing.
Chewing gum (about 6 grama). Nitrogen in urine, 0.39 gram1 per 45 minutes. Basal values per 45 minutes (January 2,1911): CO2, 22.5 grams; O2, 19 grams; heat,2 62 cals.; respiratory quotient, 0.87.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat.* | Respiratory quotient. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | ||
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | ||
45 minutes................ | 21.5 | -1.0 | 19.5 | 0.5 | 63 | 1 | 0.80 |
45 minutes................ | 22.5 | 0.0 | 17.5 | -1.5 | 60 | -2 | .93 |
Total (1 hr. 30 min.)____ | 44.0 | -1.0 | 37.0 | -1.0 | 123 | -1 | ..... |
Basal values............ | 45.0 | 38.0 | 124 | ||||
1Sample included amount for about 3 hours, without food, preceding and following the periods of chewing. 2Heat eliminated corrected for change in body-weight, but not for change in body-temperature.
Chewing gum.1 Nitrogen in urine, 0.27 gram2 per 45 minutes.
Basal values per 45 minutes (January 3, 1911): CO2, 14 grams; O2, 13 grams; heat,3 47 cals.; respiratory quotient, 0.79.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat.3 | Respiratory quotient. | |||
Total | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total | Increase. | ||
grams. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | ||
38 minutes .............. | 14.54 | 2.5 | 11.04 | 0.0 | 414 | 1 | 0.94 |
45 minutes................ | 17.5 | 3.5 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 50 | 3 | .88 |
Total (1 hr. 23 min.)____ | 32.0 | 6.0 | 25.5 | 1.5 | 91 | 4 | |
Basal values........... | 26.0 | 24.0 | 87 | .... | |||
1Amount not recorded.
2Sample included amount for about 2\ hours, without food, preceding the periods of chewing. 3Heat eliminated corrected for change in body-weight, but not for change in body-temperature. 4Computed from result for actual period of 45 minutes by deducting basal value equivalent to 7 minutes at beginning of experiment when subject was not chewing.
Chewing gum.1 Nitrogen in urine, 0.19 gram2 per 45 minutes.
Basal values per 46 minutes (January 7, 1911): CO2, 14 grams; O2, 12.5 grams; heat,3 42 cals.; respiratory quotient, 0.80.
Period (duration of chewing). | Carbon dioxide. | Oxygen. | Heat.3 | Respiratory quotient. | |||
Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | Total. | Increase. | ||
grama. | grams. | grams. | grams. | cals. | cals. | ||
38 minutes................ | 14.04 | 2.0 | 11.54 | 1.0 | 364 | 1 | 0.87 |
45 minutes .................... | 17.0 | 3.0 | 15.0 | 2.5 | 48 | 6 | .82 |
Total (1 hr. 23 min.)..... | 31.0 | 5.0 | 26.5 | 3.5 | 84 | 7 | |
Basal values........... | 26.0 | 23.0 | 77 | .... | |||
1Amount not recorded.
2Sample included amount for about 5 1/2 hours, without food, preceding and following the periods of chewing. 3Heat eliminated corrected for change in body-weight, but not for change in body-temperature. 4Computed from result for actual period of 45 minutes by deducting basal value equivalent to 7 minutes at beginning of experiment when subject was not chewing.
 
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