Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body. Squad B
Description
This section is from the book "Human Vitality And Efficiency Under Prolonged Restricted Diet", by Francis G.BENEDICT, Walter R. Miles, Paul Roth, And H. Monmouth Smith. Also available from Amazon: Human Vitality and Efficiency Under Prolonged Restricted Diet.
Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body. Squad B
Table 59. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Edward M. Fisher
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | ||||
1018. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan.8-9... | 7.67 | (1.40) | 0.40 | -3.22 | 1,264 | (145) | 76 | 1,043 |
9-10.. | 8.27 | (1.40) | 10.59 | -3.72 | 1,482 | (145) | 85 | 1,252 |
10-11... | 8.04 | (1.40) | 10.23 | -3.50 | 1,572 | (145) | 82 | 1,345 |
11-12... | 8.47 | (1.40) | 10.26 | -3.10 | 1,584 | (145) | 82 | 1,357 |
12-13... | 0.22 | (1.40) | 10.93 | -3.11 | 1,740 | (145) | 87 | 1,508 |
13-14............. | 7.80 | (1.40) | 8.02 | -2.43 | 1,676 | (145) | 71 | 1,460 |
14-15... | 10.00 | (1.40) | 11.10 | -2.41 | 1,061 | (145) | 80 | 1,727 |
15-16.. | 7.82 | 1.40 | 10.70 | -4.28 | 1,506 | 145 | 86 | 1,275 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | 1.40 | 8.63 | -2.30 | 1,451 | 145 | 60 | 1,237 |
17-18............. | 0.03 | 1.40 | 10.08 | -2.45 | 1,461 | 145 | 81 | 1,235 |
18-19... | 8.44 | 1.40 | 8.01 | -1.87 | 1,486 | 145 | 71 | 1,270 |
19-20... | 8.07 | 1.40 | 10.54 | -3.87 | 1,816 | 145 | 84 | 1,587 |
20-21... | 8.88 | 1.40 | 10.22 | -2.74 | 1,663 | 145 | 82 | 1,436 |
21-.22... | 8.05 | 1.40 | 0.20 | -2.64 | 1,584 | 145 | 74 | 1,365 |
22 23............. | 8.66 | 1.40 | 0.58 | -2.32 | 1,430 | 145 | 77 | 1,208 |
23-24............ | 7.50 | 0.40) | 9.06 | -2.87 | 1,554 | (145) | 72 | 1,337 |
24-25............. | 0.05 | (1.40) | 8.08 | - .43 | 1,768 | (145) | 65 | 1,558 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | (1.40) | ... | ... | 1,571 | (145) | (73) | 1,353 |
26-27............. | 7.01 | (1.40) | 0.08 | -3.47 | 1,658 | (145) | 80 | 1,433 |
27-28............. | 6.11 | (140) | 7.00 | -2.29 | 1,615 | (145) | 56 | 1,414 |
Average..... | 8.28 | 1.40 | 0.66 | -2.80 | 1,592 | 145 | 77 | 1,370 |
Table 60. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Victor H. Hartshorn
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan 8-9 ................. | 7.29 | (0.74) | 12.34 | -5.70 | 1,108 | (06) | 99 | 1,003 |
9-10............. | 8.27 | ( .74) | 11.06 | -3.53 | 1,474 | (06) | 88 | 1,200 |
10-11............. | 8.04 | ( .74) | 8.24 | - .04 | 1,556 | (06) | 66 | 1,304 |
11-12... | 8.47 | ( .74) | 10.89 | -3.16 | 1,584 | (06) | 87 | 1,401 |
12-13............. | 0.22 | ( .74) | 10.28 | -1.80 | 1,724 | (06) | 82 | 1,546 |
13-14.... | 7.51 | ( .74) | 9.43 | -2.66 | 1,608 | (06) | 75 | 1,437 |
14-15............ | 9.77 | ( .74) | 11.37 | -2.34 | 1,874 | (06) | 01 | 1,687 |
15-16............. | 7.66 | .74 | 12.31 | -5.30 | 1,465 | 06 | 08 | 1,271 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .74 | 10.87 | -3.07 | 1,435 | 06 | 87 | 1,252 |
17-18............. | 8.71 | .74 | 11.22 | -3.25 | 1,306 | 06 | 00 | 1,210 |
18-19... | 7.80 | .74 | 10.07 | -3.01 | 1,382 | 06 | 81 | 1 205 |
19-20... | 7.89 | .74 | 8.84 | -1.60 | 1,806 | 06 | 71 | 1,639 |
20-21... | 8.20 | .74 | 11.20 | -3.74 | 1,533 | 06 | 00 | 1,347 |
21-22............ | 7.73 | .74 | 11.75 | -4.76 | 1,527 | 96 | 04 | 1,337 |
22-23... | 8.25 | .74 | 11.18 | -3.67 | 1,358 | 06 | 80 | 1,173 |
23-24............. | 7.26 | ( .74) | 8.95 | -2.43 | 1,402 | (06) | 72 | 1,324 |
24-25............. | 8.73 | ( .74) | 9.92 | -1.03 | 1,710 | (06) | 70 | 1,535 |
25-26... | 8.78 | ( .74) | 10.05 | -2.91 | 1,555 | (06) | 88 | 1,371 |
26-27... | 7.22 | ( .74) | 10.51 | - 4.03 | 1,481 | (96) | 84 | 1,301 |
27-28... | 6.11 | ( .74) | 7.15 | -1.78 | 1,500 | (06) | 57 | 1,446 |
Average... | 8.03 | .74 | 10.43 | -3.14 | 1,538 | 06 | 83 | 1,358 |
Table 61. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Karl Z. Howland
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9............. | 7.67 | (0.84) | 10.12 | -3.29 | 1,272 | (110) | 81 | 1,081 |
9-10............. | 7.76 | ( .84) | 11.52 | -4.60 | 1,411 | (110) | 92 | 1,209 |
10-11............. | 8.04 | ( .84) | 10.28 | -3.08 | 1,572 | (110) | 82 | 1,380 |
11-12............. | 8.15 | ( .84) | 8.89 | -1.58 | 1,535 | (110) | 71 | 1,354 |
12-13... | 9.71 | ( .84) | 11.61 | -2.74 | 1,714 | (110) | 93 | 1,511 |
13-14............ | 7.89 | ( .84) | 8.99 | -1.94 | 1,676 | (110) | 72 | 1,494 |
14-15... | 10.09 | ( .84) | 11.93 | -2.68 | 1,961 | (110) | 95 | 1,756 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | .84 | 9.96 | -2.98 | 1,506 | 110 | 80 | 1,316 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .84 | 11.21 | -4.41 | 1,451 | 110 | 90 | 1,251 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | .84 | 12.31 | -4.12 | 1,461 | 110 | 98 | 1,253 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | .84 | 12.36 | -4.76 | 1,497 | 110 | 99 | 1,288 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | .84 | 12.03 | -4.80 | 1,816 | 110 | 96 | 1,610 |
20-21............. | 8.16 | .84 | 11.63 | -4.31 | 1,535 | 110 | 93 | 1,332 |
21-22............. | 7.89 | .84 | 10.66 | -3.61 | 1,575 | 110 | 85 | 1,380 |
22-23............ | 8.66 | .84 | 10.45 | -2.63 | 1,430 | 110 | 84 | 1,236 |
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .84) | 11.69 | -4.94 | 1,562 | (110) | 94 | 1,358 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .84) | 10.11 | -1.90 | 1,784 | (110) | 81 | 1,593 |
25-26............ | 8.78 | ( .84) | 11.18 | -3.24 | 1,571 | (110) | 89 | 1,372 |
26-27............. | 7.91 | ( .84) | 11.09 | -4.02 | 1,658 | (110) | 89 | 1,459 |
27-28............. | 6.13 | ( .84) | 9.31 | -4.02 | 1,594 | (110) | 74 | 1,410 |
Average... | 8.22 | .84 | 10.87 | -3.48 | 1,579 | 110 | 87 | 1,382 |
Table 62. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Robert L. Hammond
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9... | 7.34 | (0.53) | 14.21 | -7.40 | 1,015 | ( 79) | 114 | 882 |
9-10... | 6.10 | ( .53) | 14.74 | -9.17 | 839 | ( 79) | 118 | 1,642 |
10-11............ | 8.28 | ( .53) | 12.70 | -4.95 | 1,401 | ( 79) | 102 | 1,220 |
11-12............. | 7.81 | ( .53) | 12.99 | -5.71 | 1,500 | ( 79) | 104 | 1,317 |
12-13............. | 8.35 | ( .53) | 12.06 | -4.24 | 1,576 | ( 79) | 96 | 1,401 |
13-14............. | 7.57 | ( .53) | 8.95 | -1.91 | 1,564 | ( 79) | 72 | 1.413 |
14-15............. | 10.32 | ( .53) | 13.33 | -3.54 | 1,672 | ( 79) | 107 | 1,486 |
15-16............. | 6.90 | .53 | 10.51 | -4.14 | 1,596 | 79 | 84 | 1,433 |
16-17............. | 6.45 | .53 | 10.82 | -4.90 | 1,349 | 79 | 87 | 1,183 |
17-18............ | 7.71 | .53 | 10.36 | -3.18 | 1,269 | 79 | 83 | 1,107 |
18-19............. | 7.17 | .53 | 10.44 | -3.80 | 1,289 | 79 | 84 | 1,126 |
19-20... | 7.48 | .53 | 10.22 | -3.27 | 1,650 | 79 | 82 | 1,489 |
20-21............. | 8.12 | .53 | 12.01 | -4.42 | 1,541 | 79 | 96 | 1,366 |
21-22............ | 7.70 | .53 | 9.68 | -2.51 | 1,475 | 79 | 77 | 1,319 |
22-23... | 7.21 | .53 | 12.67 | -5.99 | 1,297 | 79 | 101 | 1,117 |
24.25... | 7.61 | ( .53) | 13.44 | -6.36 | 1,454 | ( 79) | 108 | 1,267 |
25-26... | 7.99 | ( .53) | 9.77 | -2.31 | 1,681 | ( 79) | 78 | 1,524 |
26-27... | 7.91 | ( .53) | 11.91 | -4.53 | 1,427 | ( 79) | 95 | 1,253 |
26-27............. | 6.32 | ( .53) | 10.59 | -4.80 | 1,493 | ( 79) | 85 | 1,329 |
27-28.... | 6.54 | ( .53) | 8.91 | -2.90 | 1,555 | ( 79) | 71 | 1,405 |
Average.... | 7.54 | .53 | 11.52 | -4.50 | 1,432 | 79 | 92 | 1,261 |
Table 63. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Harold L. Kimball
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | am. | cals. | cats. | cola. | cola. |
Jan. 8- 9............. | 7.29 | (0.88) | 10.75 | -4.34 | 1,214 | (120) | 86 | 1,008 |
9-10............. | 7.89 | ( .88) | 8.84 | -1.83 | 1,432 | (120) | 71 | 1,241 |
10-11... | 7.88 | ( .88) | 9.27 | -2.27 | 1,539 | (120) | 74 | 1,345 |
11-12... | 8.55 | ( .88) | 9.64 | -1.97 | 1,544 | (120) | 77 | 1,347 |
12-13... | 9.22 | ( .88) | 9.65 | -1.31 | 1,740 | (120) | 77 | 1,543 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .88) | 9.59 | -2.58 | 1,676 | (120) | 77 | 1,479 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .88) | 10.23 | -1.02 | 1,961 | (120) | 82 | 1,759 |
15-16... | 7.82 | .88 | 9.66 | - 2.72 | 1,506 | 120 | 77 | 1,309 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .88 | 6.79 | - .03 | 1,451 | 120 | 54 | 1,277 |
17-18... | 9.03 | .88 | 10.55 | -2.40 | 1,461 | 120 | 84 | 1,257 |
18-19............. | 8.79 | .88 | 7.76 | + .15 | 1,594 | 120 | 62 | 1,412 |
19-20............. | 9.75 | .88 | 11.38 | -2.51 | 2,121 | 120 | 91 | 1,910 |
20-21............ | 8.16 | .88 | 9.75 | -2.47 | 1,535 | 120 | 78 | 1,337 |
21-22............. | 8.05 | .88 | 9.11 | -1.94 | 1,592 | 120 | 73 | 1,399 |
22-23............. | 8.66 | .88 | 8.34 | - .56 | 1,430 | 120 | 67 | 1,243 |
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .88) | 8.78 | -2.07 | 1,554 | (120) | 70 | 1,364 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .88) | 5.95 | +2.22 | 1,768 | (120) | 48 | 1,600 |
25-26............ | 8.78 | ( .88) | 7.10 | + .80 | 1,579 | (120) | 57 | 1,402 |
26-27............. | 9.48 | ( .88) | 8.30 | + .30 | 2,109 | (120) | 66 | 1,923 |
27-28............. | 7.17 | ( .88) | 12.25 | -5.96 | 1,672 | (120) | 98 | 1,454 |
Average... | 8.44 | .88 | 9.18 | -1.63 | 1,624 | 120 | 73 | 1,430 |
Table 64. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Robert H. Long
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9.... | 7.29 | (0.63) | 9.83 | -3.17 | 1,198 | ( 91) | 79 | 1,028 |
9-10............. | 8.27 | ( .63) | 9.62 | -1.98 | 1,490 | ( 91) | 77 | 1,322 |
10-11............ | 8.04 | ( .63) | 8.84 | -1.43 | 1,572 | ( 91) | 71 | 1,410 |
11-12............ | 8.15 | ( .63) | 8.13 | - .61 | 1,535 | ( 91) | 65 | 1,379 |
12-13............ | 8.90 | ( .63) | 8.80 | - .53 | 1,691 | ( 91) | 70 | 1,530 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .63) | 11.08 | -3.82 | 1,676 | ( 91) | 89 | 1,496 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .63) | 9 82 | - .36 | 1,961 | ( 91) | 79 | 1,791 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | .63 | 11.21 | -4.02 | 1,506 | 91 | 90 | 1,325 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .63 | 5.80 | +1.21 | 1,451 | 91 | 46 | 1,314 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | .63 | 9.40 | -1.00 | 1,461 | 91 | 75 | 1.295 |
18-19............ | 8.44 | .63 | 8.68 | - .87 | 1,486 | 91 | 69 | 1,326 |
19-20............ | 8.07 | .63 | 11.03 | -3.59 | 1,816 | 91 | 88 | 1,637 |
20-21............. | 8.16 | .63 | 12.47 | -4.94 | 1,535 | 91 | 100 | 1,344 |
21-22.. | 8.05 | .63 | 9.86 | -2.44 | 1,592 | 91 | 79 | 1,422 |
22-23... | 8.66 | .63 | 10.48 | -2.45 | 1,430 | 91 | 84 | 1,255 |
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .63) | 9.26 | -2.30 | 1,554 | ( 91) | 74 | 1,389 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .63) | 6.81 | + 1 61 | 1 768 | ( 91) | 54 | 1 623 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | ( .63) | 11.15 | -3.00 | 1,571 | ( 91) | 89 | 1,391 |
26-27............ | 7.65 | ( .63) | 7.32 | - .30 | 1,608 | ( 91) | 59 | 1,458 |
27-28............. | 6.11 | ( .63) | 10.64 | -5.16 | 1,615 | ( 91) | 85 | 1,439 |
Average... | 8.18 | .63 | 9.51 | -1.96 | 1,576 | 91 | 76 | 1,409 |
Table 65. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - John Schrack
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9... | 7.29 | (0.88) | 6.71 | - .30 | 1,214 | (117) | 54 | 1,043 |
9-10............. | 8.08 | ( -88) | 9.89 | -2.69 | 1,461 | (117) | 79 | 1,265 |
10-11............. | 7.72 | ( .88) | 9.25 | -2.41 | 1,522 | (117) | 74 | 1,331 |
11-12............. | 8.31 | ( -88) | 10.02 | -2.59 | 1,559 | (117) | 80 | 1,362 |
12-13............. | 9.22 | ( .88) | 10.12 | -1.78 | 1,740 | (117) | 81 | 1,542 |
13-14............ | 7.89 | ( .88) | 10.08 | -3.07 | 1,676 | (117) | 81 | 1,478 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .88) | 10.22 | -1.01 | 1,961 | (117) | 82 | 1,762 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | .88 | 9.38 | -2.44 | 1,506 | 117 | 75 | 1,314 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .88 | 10.21 | -3.45 | 1,459 | 117 | 82 | 1,260 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | .88 | 8.37 | - .22 | 1,461 | 117 | 67 | 1,277 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | .88 | 9.92 | -2.36 | 1,494 | 117 | 79 | 1,298 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | .88 | 8.76 | -1.57 | 1,816 | 117 | 70 | 1,629 |
20-21............ | 8.88 | .88 | 10.42 | -2.42 | 1,671 | 117 | 83 | 1,471 |
21-22............. | 8.05 | .88 | 22.08 | -7.13 | l,600 | 117 | 177 | 2,627 |
22-23............ | 8.66 | .88 | l,438 | 117 | ||||
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .88) | 10.40 | -3.69 | 1,554 | (117) | 83 | 1,354 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .88) | 8.73 | - .56 | 1,768 | (117) | 70 | 1,581 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | ( .88) | 9.22 | -1.32 | 1,571 | (117) | 74 | 1,380 |
26-27............. | 7.91 | ( .88) | 10.25 | -3.22 | 1,658 | (117) | 82 | 1.459 |
27-28............. | 6.13 | ( .88) | 10.98 | -5.73 | 1,595 | (117) | 88 | 1,390 |
Average... | 8.23 | .88 | 9.75 | -2.40 | 1,586 | 117 | 78 | 1,391 |
Table 66. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Alfred Livingstone
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of- | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8- 9............. | 7.67 | (0.68) | 17.41 | -10.42 | 1,256 | (108) | 139 | 1,009 |
9-10............. | 8.27 | ( .68) | 11.91 | -4.32 | 1,490 | (108) | 95 | 1,287 |
10-11............. | 8.04 | ( .68) | 12.40 | -5.04 | 1,564 | (108) | 99 | 1,357 |
11-12............. | 8.47 | ( .68) | 11.92 | -4.13 | 1,576 | (108) | 95 | 1,373 |
12-13............ | 9.22 | ( .68) | 12.72 | -4.18 | 1,724 | (108) | 102 | 1,514 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .68) | 11.97 | -4.76 | 1,660 | (108) | 96 | 1,456 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .68) | 10.41 | -1.00 | 1,945 | (108) | 83 | 1,754 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | .68 | 1,498 | 108 | 87 | 1,303 | ||
16-17............. | 7.64 | .68 | 11.33 | -4.37 | 1,443 | 108 | 91 | 1,244 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | .68 | 11.42 | -3.07 | 1,445 | 108 | 91 | 1,246 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | .68 | 12.76 | -5.00 | 1,486 | 108 | 102 | 1,276 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | .68 | 11.14 | -3.75 | 1,816 | 108 | 89 | 1,619 |
20-21............ | 8.88 | .68 | 11.47 | -3.27 | 1,655 | 108 | 92 | 1,455 |
21-22............. | 8.05 | .68 | 11.65 | -4.28 | 1,592 | 108 | 93 | 1,391 |
22-23............. | 8.66 | .68 | 11.76 | -3.78 | 1,430 | 108 | 94 | 1,228 |
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .68) | 11.25 | -4.34 | 1,546 | (108) | 90 | 1,348 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .68) | 11.51 | -3.14 | 1,752 | (108) | 92 | 1,552 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | ( .68) | 11.21 | -3.11 | 1,563 | (108) | 90 | 1,365 |
26-27............. | 7.91 | ( .68) | 10.23 | -3.00 | 1,658 | (108) | 82 | 1,468 |
27-28............. | 6.38 | ( .68) | 10.06 | -4.36 | 1,657 | (108) | 80 | 1,469 |
Average... | 8.30 | .68 | 11.82 | -4.17 | 1,588 | 08 | 94 | 1,386 |
Table 67. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Chester D. Snell
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cola. | cols. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9............. | 7.29 | (0.99) | 12.01 | -5.71 | 1,214 | (116) | 96 | 1,002 |
9-10............ | 8.11 | ( .99) | 12.12 | -5.00 | 1,465 | (116) | 97 | 1,252 |
10-11............. | 8.04 | ( .99) | 10.60 | -3.55 | 1,572 | (116) | 85 | 1,371 |
11-12............. | 8.47 | ( .99) | 10.91 | -3.43 | 1,584 | (116) | 87 | 1,381 |
12-13............ | 9.22 | ( .99) | 10.99 | -2.76 | 1,740 | (116) | 88 | 1,536 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .99) | 8.46 | -1.56 | 1,676 | (116) | 68 | 1,492 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .99) | 11.31 | -2.21 | 1,961 | (116) | 90 | 1,755 |
16-16............. | 7.82 | .99 | ... | .. | 1,506 | 116 | (90) | 1,300 |
10-17............ | 7.64 | .99 | 11.10 | -4.45 | 1,451 | 116 | 89 | 1,246 |
17-18............ | 9.03 | .99 | 10.69 | -2.65 | 1,461 | 116 | 86 | 1,259 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | .99 | 10.67 | -3.22 | 1,486 | 116 | 85 | 1,285 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | .99 | 9.83 | -2.75 | 1,816 | 116 | 79 | 1,621 |
20-21............. | 8.62 | .99 | 10.87 | -3.34 | 1,599 | 116 | 87 | 1,396 |
21-22............. | 8.06 | .99 | 9.88 | -2.82 | 1,592 | 116 | 79 | 1,397 |
22-23............. | 8.66 | .99 | 9.73 | -2.06 | 1,430 | 116 | 78 | 1,236 |
23-24... | 7.69 | ( .99) | 10.49 | -3.89 | 1,562 | (116) | 84 | 1,362 |
24-26............. | 9.05 | ( .99) | 9.84 | -1.78 | 1,760 | (116) | 79 | 1,565 |
26-26............. | 8.78 | ( .99) | 9.71 | -1.92 | 1,579 | (116) | 78 | 1,385 |
26-27............. | 8.80 | ( .99) | 10.14 | -2.33 | 1,925 | (116) | 81 | 1,728 |
27-28............. | 7.82 | ( .99) | 7.46 | - .63 | 1,849 | (116) | 60 | 1,673 |
Average... | 8.37 | .99 | 10.36 | -2.95 | 1,611 | 116 | 83 | 1,412 |
Table 68. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - George H. Thompson
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8- 9............. | 7.29 | (1.20) | 7.84 | -1.75 | 1,214 | (138) | 63 | 1,013 |
9-10............ | 8.11 | (1.20) | 10.03 | -3.12 | 1,465 | (138) | 80 | 1,247 |
10-11............ | 8.04 | (1.20) | 11.13 | -4.29 | 1,572 | (138) | 89 | 1,345 |
11-12............. | 8.47 | (1.20) | 11.64 | -4.37 | 1,584 | (138) | 93 | 1,353 |
12-13............. | 8.90 | (1.20) | 11.03 | -3.33 | 1,691 | (138) | 88 | 1,465 |
13-14............ | 7.89 | (1.20) | 10.10 | -3.41 | 1,676 | (138) | 81 | 1,457 |
14-16............. | 10.09 | (120) | 11.15 | - 2 26 | 1 961 | (138) | 89 | 1,734 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | 1.20 | 11.15 | - 4 53 | 1 506 | 138 | 89 | 1,279 |
16-17... | 7.64 | 1.20 | 10.71 | -4.27 | 1,451 | 138 | 86 | 1,227 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | 1.20 | 10.32 | -2.49 | 1,461 | 138 | 83 | 1,240 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | 1.20 | 10.17 | -2.93 | 1,486 | 138 | 81 | 1,267 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | 1.20 | 12.07 | -5.20 | 1,816 | 138 | 97 | 1,581 |
20-21............. | 8.88 | 1.20 | 11.27 | -3.59 | 1,663 | 138 | 90 | 1,435 |
21-22... | 8.06 | 1.20 | 9.96 | -3.11 | 1,592 | 138 | 80 | 1,374 |
23-23............. | 8.66 | 1.20 | 10.27 | -2.81 | 1,430 | 138 | 82 | 1,210 |
23-24............. | 7.69 | (1.20) | 12.83 | -6.44 | 1,654 | (138) | 103 | 1,313 |
24-25... | 9.05 | (1.20) | 10.91 | -3.06 | 1,768 | (138) | 87 | 1,543 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | (1.20) | 10.43 | -2.85 | 1,571 | (138) | 83 | 1,350 |
26-27... | 7.91 | (120) | 11.15 | -4.44 | 1,658 | (138) | 89 | 1,431 |
27-28... | 6.11 | (1.20) | 10.59 | -5.68 | 1,615 | (138) | 85 | 1,392 |
Average... | 8.24 | 1.20 | 10.74 | -3.70 | 1,587 | 138 | 86 | 1,363 |
Table 69. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Floyd M. Van Wagner
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9............ | 7.29 | (0.99) | 11.42 | -5.12 | 1,214 | (126) | 91 | 997 |
9-10............. | 8.27 | ( .99) | 7.79 | - .51 | 1,490 | (126) | 62 | 1,302 |
10-11............. | 8.04 | ( .99) | 10.73 | -3.68 | 1,572 | (126) | 86 | 1,360 |
11-12............ | 8.47 | ( .99) | 10.68 | -3.20 | 1,584 | (126) | 85 | 1,373 |
12-13............. | 9.22 | ( .99) | 11.25 | -3.02 | 1,740 | (126) | 90 | 1,524 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .99) | 8.80 | -1.90 | 1,676 | (126) | 70 | 1,480 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .99) | 10.37 | -1.27 | 1,961 | (126) | 83 | 1,752 |
15-16... | 7.17 | .99 | 10.49 | - 4.31 | 1,448 | 126 | 84 | 1,238 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .99 | 9.82 | -3.17 | 1,451 | 126 | 79 | 1,246 |
17-18............. | 9.03 | .99 | 10.68 | -2.64 | 1,461 | 126 | 85 | 1,250 |
18-19............. | 8.44 | .99 | 11.61 | -4.16 | 1,486 | 126 | 93 | 1,267 |
19-20............. | 8.07 | .99 | 9.41 | -2.33 | 1,816 | 126 | 75 | 1,615 |
20-21............. | 8.16 | .99 | 11.67 | -4.50 | 1,535 | 126 | 93 | 1,316 |
21-22............. | 8.05 | .99 | 9.20 | -2.14 | 1,592 | 126 | 74 | 1,392 |
22-23............. | 8.66 | .99 | 8.61 | - .94 | 1,438 | 126 | 69 | 1,243 |
23-24............. | 7.59 | ( .99) | 10.06 | -3.46 | 1,554 | (126) | 80 | 1,348 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .99) | 9.16 | -1.10 | 1,768 | (126) | 73 | 1,569 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | ( 99) | 9.46 | -1.67 | 1,579 | (126) | 76 | 1,377 |
26-27............. | 6.19 | ( .99) | 10.23 | -5.03 | 1,429 | (126) | 82 | 1,221 |
27-28............. | 6.11 | ( .99) | 7.66 | -2.54 | 1,615 | (126) | 61 | 1,428 |
Average... | 8.11 | .99 | 9.96 | -2.83 | 1,560 | 126 | 80 | 1,365 |
Table 70. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Elton L. Williams
Date. | Nitrogen per 24 hours in - | Nitrogen balance. | Energy per 24 hours of - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine (NX8.0). | |||
1918. | gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. |
Jan. 8-9............ | 7.29 | (0.92) | 12.58 | -6.21 | 1,206 | (132) | 101 | 973 |
9-10............. | 8.27 | ( .92) | 11.98 | -4.63 | 1,490 | (132) | 96 | 1,262 |
10-11............ | 8.04 | ( .92) | 9.56 | -2.44 | 1,572 | (132) | 76 | 1,364 |
11-12............. | 8.47 | ( .92) | 12.85 | -5.30 | 1,584 | (132) | 103 | 1,349 |
12-13............. | 10.03 | ( .92) | 12.09 | -2.98 | 1,736 | (132) | 97 | 1,507 |
13-14............. | 7.89 | ( .92) | 10.04 | -3.07 | 1,676 | (132) | 80 | 1,464 |
14-15............. | 10.09 | ( .92) | 12.01 | -2.84 | 1,961 | (132) | 96 | 1,733 |
15-16............. | 7.82 | .92 | 11.96 | -5.06 | 1,506 | 132 | 96 | 1,278 |
16-17............. | 7.64 | .92 | 11.21 | -4.49 | 1,451 | 132 | 90 | 1,229 |
17-18............ | 9.03 | .92 | 11.15 | -3.04 | 1,461 | 132 | 87 | 1,240 |
18-19............ | 8.44 | .92 | 10.01 | -2.49 | 1,486 | 132 | 80 | 1,274 |
19-20 | 8 07 | 92 | 11 24 | - 4 09 | 1 816 | 132 | 90 | 1,594 |
20-21............ | 10.89 | .92 | ... | ... | 1,755 | 132 | (88) | 1,535 |
21-22............ | 7.73 | .92 | 10.69 | -3.88 | 1,543 | 132 | 86 | 1,325 |
22-23............. | 8.66 | .92 | 11.24 | -3.50 | 1,430 | 132 | 90 | 1,208 |
23-24............ | 7.59 | ( .92) | 11.77 | -5.10 | 1,554 | (132) | 94 | 1,328 |
24-25............. | 9.05 | ( .92) | 10.25 | -2.12 | 1,776 | (132) | 82 | 1,562 |
25-26............. | 8.78 | ( .92) | 12.39 | -4.53 | 1,579 | (132) | 99 | 1,348 |
26-27............. | 7.91 | ( .92) | 10.56 | -3.57 | 1,666 | (132) | 84 | 1,450 |
27-28............ | 6.13 | ( .92) | 5.68 | - 47 | 1,603 | - (132) | 45 | 1,426 |
Average... | 8.39 | .92 | 11.01 | -3.67 | 1.593 | 132 | 88 | 1.372 |
The irregularities in the nitrogen intake have been pointed out in a previous section, as shown for the individual subjects at the beginning of the observations and for 2 weeks in December and from the average for the whole squad. These irregularities are strikingly shown in tables 46 to 58. The estimated intakes of nitrogen and energy for the uncontrolled days are also included in these tables, but are indicated by footnotes, since their mathematical accuracy is in doubt. They stand out prominently as the intakes of both nitrogen and calories are larger than on either the preceding or following days. The gain or loss of nitrogen for these uncontrolled days is not computed except for January 13-14, 1918. The estimations for nitrogen intake are, however, considered of sufficient accuracy to be included in any general averages which appear in the tables. Unfortunately, owing to the extremely cold winter and unsatisfactory transportation, some of the samples of urine for December 15, 16, and 17 were frozen, and hence the values for these days can not be given, and no estimate has been attempted. These days are omitted from any general consideration of the nitrogen balance. Although it was impossible to obtain the fecal nitrogen for the entire period, reference to table 37 (p. 293), and, indeed, tables 46 to 58, shows that the separation of feces was made with sufficient frequency to give a fairly uniform picture of the probable fecal nitrogen excretion for the whole experiment. In the detailed tables the interpolated values are placed in parentheses, all other values for feces being those actually determined. These determined values usually represent the average for a period of collection of feces of 3 to 16 days.
The general picture presented by every member of Squad A is a great predominance of minus figures for the nitrogen balance, after the first three preliminary days of unrestricted diet. Plus values rarely appear, except in the latter part of December and the latter part of January. Throughout the period of loss in weight there was evidently a pronounced tendency for each subject to lose nitrogen. During December, when an attempt was made to supply a sufficient number of calories to secure weight maintenance, the frequent appearance of positive figures indicates that with the higher caloric intake there was a smaller loss of nitrogen with a tendency towards equilibrium. During the last week in January this is particularly noticeable. A general statement may thus be made that for practically the entire experiment, save for these two periods, the subjects were losing body nitrogen, as shown by a comparison of the fecal and urinary nitrogen with the nitrogen in the food.
The total losses of nitrogen from the body shown by these men prior to January 28 are of interest, since in the last week of the experiment the caloric intake was considerably increased to hold the body-weight. The total losses of nitrogen from October 4, the initial day of the reduced diet, until January 27, inclusive, without regard to the cutaneous loss or to the uncontrolled days, has been computed for all of the subjects in Squad A and recorded in table 71. Special attention must be paid to the number of days that the subjects were actually studied Thus we have for Fre but 20 days, for Kon, 57 days, for Spe, 61 days» and for Tom, 78 days. The other men were studied from 83 to 87 days. Disregarding the value for Fre, we find that with the members of Squad A, who were longest studied, the total nitrogen loss ranges from a minimum of 48.66 grams with Tom to a maximum of 252.85 grams with Pec. Every member of the squad, other than Fre and Tom, lost more than 130 grams in this period, and 3 lost more than 230 grams. The average loss of nitrogen per day is given in the last column of the table and shows a minimum value of 0.62 gram with Tom and a maximum value of 4.09 grams with Kon. At least 10 men showed losses of over 1.8 grams per day. When it is considered that these losses continued in most instances for a period of 80 days or more, the total loss is really remarkable. The small loss recorded for Fre is accounted for by the fact that he was but 20 days on diet and needs no further discussion. The largest average loss, that of Kon, is possibly explained by the fact that he began late and was purposely put upon a very restricted diet in order to reduce the body-weight as rapidly as possible. The small loss with Tom is, in part, explained by his small body-weight as compared with the other subjects. His activity was also the least, and the total reduction in diet was not so low per kilogram of body-weight as with many of the other men. Furthermore, on account of his feeling of malaise throughout January, resulting from an operation during the Christmas recess, a rigid dietetic restriction did not seem possible with him. The difficulty experienced in lowering his bodyweight has been frequently commented upon in other parts of this report. The average loss per day for all men is, excluding Fre, 2.16 grams.
Table 71. - Total Loss Of Nitrogen And Average Daily Loss Of Nitrogen, Squad A, October 4 To January 27, Inclusive
Subject. | Total loss of nitrogen. | No. of days. | Av. loss of nitrogen per day. |
gm. | gm. | ||
Bro...... | 153.48 | 83 | 1.85 |
Can...... | 155.77 | 84 | 1.85 |
Fre...... | 32.29 | 20 | 1.61 |
Kon..... | 233.08 | 57 | 4.09 |
Gar...... | 168.95 | 86 | 1.96 |
Gul...... | 162.45 | 86 | 1.89 |
Mon... | 134.07 | 86 | 1.56 |
Moy... | 230.31 | 83 | 2.77 |
Pea...... | 206.14 | 86 | 2.40 |
Pec...... | 252.85 | 87 | 2.91 |
Spe...... | 130.15 | 61 | 2.13 |
48.66 | 78 | 0.62 | |
Vea | 159.70 | 86 | 1.86 |
The losses in nitrogen for Squad B are given in a similar manner in table 72. These values also disregard cutaneous losses, which, probably, in this case should not be disregarded, since we have no compensating excess food to deal with. Although the nitrogen balance figures for Squad B are given in detail in tables 59 to 70, it must be borne in mind that the conditions are altogether different from those with Squad A. Squad A had, to be sure, a reduced diet, but Squad B was given what may be termed a greatly reduced diet, that is, a diet certainly less than half of their normal diet maintenance requirements. No complicating circumstances such as uncontrolled days enter into their values. The total nitrogen in the food intake is extraordinarily low, averaging 8.19 grams, and the average net energy 1,375 calories. With but few exceptions, the daily values for the nitrogen balance for the individual subjects are minus. (See tables 59 to 70.) Losses of 9 or 10 grams of nitrogen are occasionally noted and not infrequently 5, 6, and 7 grams. In general, the losses are much more pronounced than they were in any stage of the experiment with Squad A. The average daily loss per man as given in table 72 is 3.10 grams of nitrogen. This indicates the severity of the curtailment of the diet, for it is greater than the average loss with Squad A which was but 2.30 grams per day. If one considers the individual balance tables for Squad A with a general view to the appearance of plus signs and the magnitude of minus values in the nitrogen balance and compares these figures with the energy balance showing the average net energy available to the body in the several periods of the experiment, it will be seen that there is a very close correlation between nitrogen loss and low net energy. In general, when the net energy is low, the minus figures appear in large proportion and the loss in nitrogen increases.
Table 72. - Nitrogen Balance And Energy Available To Body During Period Of Reduced Diet - Squad B
[Averages per day, January 7 to 28, 1918].
8ubject. | Nitrogen in - | Loss of nitrogen. | Energy in - | Net energy. | ||||
Food. | Feces. | Urine. | Food. | Feces. | Urine. | |||
gm. | gm. | gm. | gm. | cals. | cals. | cals. | cals. | |
Fis..... | 8.28 | 1.40 | 9.66 | 2.80 | 1,592 | 145 | 77 | 1,370 |
Har.. | 8.03 | .74 | 10.43 | 3.14 | 1,538 | 96 | 83 | 1,358 |
How___ | 8.22 | .84 | 10.87 | 3.48 | 1,579 | 110 | 87 | 1,382 |
Ham... | 7.54 | .53 | 11.52 | 4.50 | 1,432 | 79 | 92 | 1,261 |
Kim .... | 8.44 | .88 | 9.18 | 1.63 | 1,624 | 120 | 73 | 1,430 |
Lod.... | 8.18 | .63 | 9.51 | 1.96 | 1,576 | 91 | 76 | 1,409 |
Sch..... | 8.23 | .88 | 9.75 | 2.40 | 1,586 | 117 | 78 | 1,391 |
Liv..... | 8.30 | .68 | 11.82 | 4.17 | 1,588 | 108 | 94 | 1,386 |
Sne..... | 8.37 | .99 | 10.36 | 2.95 | 1,611 | 116 | 83 | 1,412 |
Tho.... | 8.24 | 1.20 | 10.74 | 3.70 | 1,587 | 138 | 86 | 1,363 |
Van.... | 8.11 | .99 | 9.96 | 2.83 | 1,570 | 126 | 80 | 1,365 |
Wil, | 8.39 | .92 | 11.01 | 3.67 | 1,593 | 132 | 88 | 1,372 |
Av... | 8.19 | .. | .. | 3.10 | .. | .. | .. | 1,375 |
With Squad B the reduction in diet was so great, and the total energy available to the body was so small, that the period was not sufficiently long to bring the body-weight to a level and thus permit the drawing of definite quantitative comparisons between the total caloric intake and the average nitrogen loss. It is clear, however, that the large losses found with these subjects, taken into consideration with the small caloric intake, are fully in accord with the general picture shown for Squad A.
There seems to be, therefore, some very definite relationship between the total energy intake and the nitrogen loss, a relationship most strikingly shown with Squad A. Indeed, it is not impossible to conceive that were one to adjust the diet so as to obtain nitrogen equilibrium one would also have energy equilibrium.1 This, of course, was by no means clearly and definitely proved, but is strongly suggested by the figures in the individual tables for the several men.
Since the total caloric intake on the average bears a very close relationship to the body-weight curve, as shown in figures 57 to 68, we may reason that if the diet had been adjusted to secure nitrogen equilibrium without regard to the calories, the body-weight would have likewise reached equilibrium. In other words, the loss of nitrogen is directly associated with a loss of body-material, not simply nitrogenous material but that which results in an ultimate material lowering of the body-weight.
That it would be possible for a group of men to lose from 130 to 250 grams of nitrogen over a period of this time and not show profound disturbance would, a decade ago, hardly have been believed. Experience with a man who fasted 31 days in the Nutrition Laboratory and during this time lost 277 grams of nitrogen has, however, given us a different impression of the significance of the so-called nitrogen "balance" or the loss of nitrogen from the body. It is hardly probable that any great amount of organized body-tissue is disintegrated in this loss of nitrogen. We regret that experimental exigencies were such that we could not determine the blood nitrogen and its apportionment. This must remain one of the problems to be solved subsequently. It seems very clear, however, that when the calories are deficient and the body must draw upon its store for caloric material, there is simultaneously a considerable loss of nitrogen. The potential energy of the protein corresponding to the nitrogen thus lost can not account for any appreciable percentage of the energy lost from the body or furnished by the body to make up the deficiency in caloric intake. But the nitrogen thus lost is undoubtedly an appreciable percentage of the total body-nitrogen. A subsequent discussion of the energy transformations of these men shows that a very great lowering of energy transformation takes place simultaneously with the loss in body-weight and the loss of this excess nitrogen. Our suggestion is that the nitrogen thus lost comes from the fluid bathing the cells, and is in some form which stimulates them to their normal level of activity. We have, therefore, loss of body-nitrogen closely correlated with general loss in body-weight and with reduced intake of energy.
1 Klemperer, Zeitschr. f. klin Med., 1889, 16, p. 597.
It is to be remembered that with these men the loss in body-weight resulted in general from a deficiency in the intake of food. In certain cases this deficiency of intake was undoubtedly supplemented in its effect upon the body-weight loss by excessive physical exercise. An interesting problem immediately suggests itself as to what would have been the influence of the nitrogen loss had the caloric intake remained constant and had the body-weight loss been produced by excessive physical exercise alone, a problem of far-reaching physiological importance and possibly of considerable athletic significance.
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