The campanaceae is a very important order. The genus convolvulus furnishes five active purgatives, if we except the jalap, now suspected to be the root of a very different plant. The ipecacuanha also is known not to be a species of viola. The lobelia is a more general stimulant and diaphoretic; and the dentaria, if its genus is not mistaken, a simple stimulant only.

The 30th order, contortae, is an important one, as it contains the cinchona; yet we find few, and not very active, medicines associated with it. The vinca per-vinca is undoubtedly an astringent, and employed chiefly in topical haemorrhages or mucous discharges; and the nerium antidysentericum, the codagapala of the hortus Malabaricus, the conessi and tilicherry bark of modern authors, is also a topical astringent. The asclepias vincitoxicum agrees with neither; and there is little doubt but that the order is not natural, or the asclepias improperly arranged. Was there room for disquisitions purely botannical, we could, we think, prove the former to be the case.

The vepreculae are without a comment, and furnish only one genus, the daphne, which supplies us with the mezereum and thymelaea. The papilionaceae are of greater importance, and they form a natural group even in the sexual system: they are the leguminosae of Ray, the papilionaceae of Tournefort, and the irregular tetrapetalous flowers of Rivinus. In short, the natural relations are so obvious, that they cannot, even by the most hasty observer, be overlooked or mistaken. They afford, however, little subject of medical disquisition, as we shall show by enumerating the principal genera employed in medicine. These are the lupines, the brooms, the beans, vetches, tragacanth, mellilot, and fenagrec. The dolichos may have some medicinal properties, but the setae of the pod are only employed as a mechanical anthelmintic. The seeds of the broom are acrid.

From the lomestaceae various medicinal plants must now be expunged, since they are found to belong to other genera; yet, in a medical view, the list is very miscellaneous. We find the cassia, including the senna and the cassia fistularis, which are purgatives; the mimosa and logwood, which contain astringents; the po-lygala, of which the seneka is a species, that is both emetic and cathartic. The tamarindus and myroxylon, the supposed source of the balsamum Peruvianum, must be excluded. We have already said that the fu-maria has been added by Murray; and, to a class so miscellaneous, no injury can be offered.

The 35th order, the Senticoseae, are astringent, though in a slight degree. The tormentilla is the strongest. The principal medicines derived from this order are the saxifraga, ulmaria, the roses, the brambles, agrimony, and some others of weak powers.

The Pomaceae contain the different fruits, as apples, pears, medlars, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, oranges, currants, etc. The spiraea, which produces no eatable fruit, should undoubtedly be excluded.

The Columniferae are the malvacae of later authors. They are emollient, and contain the althaea, the mallows, and the cacao. The cotton and abelmoschus belong to this order; but, whatever be their merits in other respects, we have no evidence of their mucilaginous powers. Though the medical plants are few, the list is, on the whole, extensive.

The tricoccae are a strictly natural association, and contain plants of considerable acrimony. The genus euphorbia- affords the euphorbium, catapotia, with the greater and less esula: the cambogia is the supposed source of the gutta gamba; the phyllanthus affords the emblic myrobolans; and the different species of croton produce medicines of considerable acrimony. The cascarilla is the bark of a croton, which, in its other portions, appears acrid and poisonous. The different species of ricinus afford also very acrid medicines, though the acrimony is sheathed in the oil procured from its seeds. Murray adds green and bohea teas; they are certainly tricoccous, but do not agree with the other botanical or the medical properties of the order.

The Siliquosae have been associated by almost every botanist-from the time of Morison: they are the cruci-formes of Tournefort; the tetradynamiae of Linnaeus. They are very generally stimulant. The mustard, the horse radish, the garden nasturtium, with a long tribe of similar plants, belong to this order. They are supposed to be very generally diuretic; and from hence their antiscorbutic qualities are explained: but they possess this power in a very slight degree superior to other vegetables.

The personatae form a natural medical association, but their powers are weak, and they are at present seldom employed. The veronica, becabunga, agnus cas-tus, linaria, and scrophularia, are of this order; and from these the virtues of the whole may be easily understood.

The Asperifoliae are generally mucilaginous and cooling. The consolida, the borage, pulmonaria, bu-glossum, cynoglossa, with similar medicines, belong to it. In a botanical and medical view, this order is strictly natural: it was first formed by Caesalpinus, and retained by Ray. The ancient pharmaceutists collected their four cordial flowers from this order, but the virtue was imaginary.

The verticillatae formed an order also in Ray's system. It is a strictly natural one in a botanical and medical view, and chiefly contains the lighter European aromatics. The various species of teucrium, the thyme, the serpellum, the melissa, the lavender, the marjoram, the mints, the sage, the rosemary, etc. are of this order; and all the plants generally agree in the same powers.

With the order dumosae Linnaeus was not satisfied. It includes the larger shrubs, without any very strict botanical views, and we find little union in their medical virtues. It contains the spina cervina (rhamnus catharticus), the elder, and the, tree that affords the balsamum copaibae. How distant and irreconcilable! The greater number are highly acrid, and many are poisonous: they seem to have some connection with the tricoccae.