Stairs

Box. Those built between walls.

Dog-leg

The face stringer of one flight directly under that of the one above. Platform. A tread which turns an angle in the stairs with but one riser.

Straight

A flight with no turn.

Winding

A flight with an angle which is turned by two or more steps.

Stall

A small place of business, where merchandise is exposed for sale; a compartment in a stable for the accommodation of a horse.

Standing Finish

Term applied to all of the finish of the openings, the base, and other finish necessary for the inside of a house.

Stile

The vertical pieces at the ends of a piece of panelwork.

Stoop

A small porch, usually but little wider than the width of the steps, and protected by a hood roof.

Strapping

Narrow boards so placed as to furnish a straight surface for lathing and plastering.

Striker

The piece of metal upon the jamb against which the latch of a door strikes when the door is closed.

Stucco

A plaster used for interior decoration and fine work.

Studding

The framework of a partition or the wall of a house.

Surbase

A cornice or series of moldings on the top of the base of a pedestal; the finish of the top of a piece of dado or wainscoting; sometimes called the chair rail.

Tail Beam

The joists extending from a header to the wall.

Thimble

A terra cotta or metallic tube for the purpose of allowing a stovepipe to pass through a wooden construction without danger of fire.

Thousand Shingles

The equivalent to 1000 shingles 4" wide.

Threshold

The beveled piece over which a door swings. Sometimes called a carpet-strip.

Tie-Beam

A beam so situated that it will tie the principal rafters together, and prevent them from thrusting the plate out of line.

Tin Shingle

A small piece of tin used in flashing and repairing a shingle roof.

Torus

A large semicircular molding.

To the Weather

The projection of shingles or siding beyond the course above.

Tower

A lofty building, standing separately, or a part of another building.

Tracery

The ornamental arrangement of the members of the window frames and sash, into arches, etc.; much used in Gothic architecture.

Transept

The part of a church at right angles to the nave.

Transom

A horizontal crossbar over a door or window.

Transom Sash

The sash supported by a transom bar.

Tread

The horizontal part of a step.

Trellis

A screen. Often used as a support for plants or running vines.

Trim

A term sometimes applied to the finish around an opening.

Trimming

Putting the hardware trimmings upon doors or other pieces of wood work; painting the trimmings of a house.

Truss

A specially constructed girder or other timber; a form of construction used to support a roof, floor, or where it is undesirable that a post should be used.

Turret

A tower or spire attached to a building and rising above it.

Tuscan Order

The most ancient and simple of the orders of architecture.

Ventilated Wall

A brick wall containing hollow spaces, which add much to the warmth and dryness of the house.

Vestibule

An entrance to a house; usually inclosed. Volute. A spiral scroll; used in the more ornamental orders of architecture.

Wainscoting

Panelwork finish upon a wall.

Warp

The convex or concave shape assumed by a board exposed to dampness upon one side, and drier air upon the other.

Wash

The slant upon a sill, capping, etc., to allow the water to run off easily.

Water Table

The finish at the bottom of a house which carries the water away from the foundation.

Weather Dried

The term applied to lumber which has been dried by the open air.

Well-hole

The opening through the center of a flight of circling stairs; also present wherever stairs arc built above each other, unless a dog-leg flight is built.

Wind (i as in kind)

A term used to describe the surface of a board when twisted, or when it rests upon two diagonally opposite corners, if laid upon a perfectly flat surface.

Wooden-Brick

Pieces of seasoned wood, made the size of a brick and laid where it is necessary to provide a nailing.

Wreath

A piece of specially made stair rail which carries the hand easily around a curve and to a different level at the same time.

Commercial Geography

By Henry Gannett, Geographer of the United States Geological Survey and the Twelfth Census; Carl L. Garrison, Principal of the Morgan School, Washington, D. C.; and Edwin J. Houston, A. M., Ph.D. (Princeton), Emeritus Professor of Physical Geography and Physics, Central High School, Philadelphia.

IN this book commercial geography is presented in a simple, methodical, and logical way, to the end that its study shall be not only informative, but truly educative and worth while. The treatment is divided into three parts: Commercial Conditions; Commercial Products; and Commercial Countries. The first portion gives a clear, brief statement of the physical, social, and economic conditions that largely influence commerce in every region. ¶ The second part treats of the cultivation of the soil, and of the vegetable, animal, and mineral products that enter commerce. The great commercial staples are taken up separately, and their production, manufacture, and use described. Diagrammatic maps and graphic diagrams are presented, showing where each staple is produced, and the percentage of the world's product supplied by each of the chief contributing countries. ¶ The final and largest division is devoted to a careful description of each of the countries of the earth with special reference to its industries and commerce. Maps of the countries indicate the location of the chief industrial centers, the trade routes, and the production areas. Diagrams or tables of imports and exports, etc., are also numerous. ¶ The present condition of the world's commerce is carefully and accurately portrayed. In the text figures of absolute quantities and values have been largely avoided, because it is the relative rather than the absolute quantities that the pupil should remember. Hence the products of countries are usually given in percentages of the world's total. Absolute quantities can easily be deduced by comparing these percentages with the tables at the close of the book.