Others have been as clear and as emphatic on this point as Miss Cobbe. Elliotson, for instance, says that in dreams 'we perform the most ruthless crimes without compunction, and see what in our waking hours would cause unmitigated grief, without the smallest feeling of sorrow.' Dale Owen says that 'we are dishonest, cruel, and immoral in our dreams.' Manaceine says that 'we all accomplish acts in dreams, and experience feelings, which are in complete contradiction with our deepest convictions and incompatible with our character. Good and gentle persons may be transformed in dreams into murderers and rascals.' And again, 'Every one sometimes dreams of acts, thoughts, and desires in I went along, an analogy between dreams and delirium. There is, indeed, so far as I can see, no difference of kind, but only a difference of quality between dreaming and raving. The two things are varieties of the same thing. In all large particulars they agree. There is in both the same rapid thinking, the same incoherence and irrelevance, the same production of 'wild work' by 'misjoining shapes,' the same existence of hallucinations, the same confusion as to personal identity, the same abolition of time and space, the same inaction of judgment, and the same absence of the moral sense. Rush regarded a dream as a transient fit of delirium ; Abercrombie saw an analogy between dreaming and insanity; Cabanis, I think, makes Cullen the first to point out the similarity between dreaming and delirium; and Wundt calls dreaming 'a normal temporary insanity.'

Dreams and delirium are alike manifestations of that thinking which is not under the control of the will. If the thoughts of the dreamer were manifest to the bystander, and if bis state were persistent, he would be correctly enough described as in a state of mania. It is true the ordinary maniac appears to be awake, but this may be only true, as I have already said, in a limited sense. Like dream-thinking the ravings of the maniac appear to cause little or no fatigue, which perhaps explains why these ravings sometimes continue unceasingly and for a long time without sleep - there being no Will, in a state of weariness from work, to demand rest in sleep. In acute mania there is often a protracted state of wakefulness.

I give a broad meaning to mania here, as the name of a raving mental confusion, which may of course be toxic, for it is easy to look on any disease as of that nature.

The unreal images of dreams may continue to appear for a short time after what seems to be waking, but is not a full waking. This happens often to children and causes great fright. It happens also to adults, and may in their case be painful and perplexing. It may happen also to a sleeper, half-waking during a vivid dream, to fall back quickly into sleep and complete his interrupted dream.

(25) There are, of course, differences between dream-thinking and the raving of delirious or maniacal persons, but they are scarcely more essential in their nature than are the differences between the character of thinking in the delirium caused by different forms of disease. The raving of a typhus patient is not the same as that of a smallpox patient, or of a person in delirium tremens. Each intoxicant seems to produce its own form of delirious thinking, but the differences are those of quality and not of kind. They agree in essentials, and all of them appear to be illustrations of he thinking which is uncontrolled by Will, as think-ng is in sleep. I do not make any examination of drug-dreams, have had some occasion to study them, and they are full of interest and instruction, but they do not concern me at present. They occur in pathological sleep, but the dreaming about which I write occurs in physiological sleep.

(26) Perhaps it is desirable to point out that it is not necessary, in order to induce a fatigue of the Will from work performed in controlling and directing mental operations, that it be exercised in efforts to keep the mind engaged in what is spoken of as intellectual work. The fatigue of the Will, for instance, maybe as great, or nearly so, in the cases of a compositor setting types or a tailor making button holes. In the ordinary Thinking of persons who are awake, there are as many varieties of quality as there are persons, and there arc also as many varieties of the power of the Will.

(27) The Thinking, Dreams, Will, and Memory of infanta need a separate telling. But so far as I can see, that telling would not disturb the opinions which I have been advancing.

It may, however, be useful to say here that children appear to dream almost from their birth. Their thinking may be largely, at first perhaps entirely, dream-thinking, and memory with them may, in a sense, consist of hallucinations only.

The prenatal condition falls to be considered with the thinking of infants.

Then there are false reports to the brain by the organs of sense themselves in consequence of their being in a morbid condition, as for instance, in double vision, but it does not fall within my present object to discuss these. They have no real bearing on the opinions that there is no such thing as dreamless sleep, and that dream-thinking is undirected thinking, more or less of the nature of delirium.

(28) My subject, I know, is one regarding which a crowd of persons speak with the utmost confidence on what they hold to be most complete information, derived nearly always from personal experiences, in which wonders abound. This I have had well in remembrance.

Remarkable dreams have been told to me by many who learn that I am interested in the subject, and when I doubt the accuracy of the narrative, sometimes offence is taken. But generally my doubting begets doubting, which ends in an agreement as to its being extremely difficult to tell a dream of any length without copious editing. When the dreams in question have been told over and over again, it is generally admitted that the early tellings differed from the later, additions or omissions of more or less importance having been made and then accepted as a remembered part of the dream.