Francesco Carmagnola, an Italian condot-tiere, whose real name was Bussone, born at Carmagnola about 1390, executed in Venice, May 5, 1432. The son of a peasant, he was a herdsman in his youth; but enlisting in the service of Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, he rapidly rose in rank, and aided his master in regaining a great part of Lom-bardy, and in extending his possessions. The duke, however, became suspicious of his loyalty, confiscated his property, cast his wife and children into prison, and banished him; upon which Carmagnola entered the service of the republic of Venice, from which he received the appointment of generalissimo. He wrested Brescia from the duke of Milan, and entirely routed his army at the battle of Macalo in 1427. After the battle he released his prisoners; but incurring the suspicions of the Venetian senate for doing so, and his subsequent military operations not proving successful, he was recalled to Venice, under the pretext that his advice was needed for affairs of state, was placed under arrest, accused of treason, put to the torture, and beheaded.