Arnauld, a French family, several members of which are noted in connection with the convent of Port Royal and the Jansenist controversy. I. Antoine, born in Paris in 1500, died there, Dec. 29, 1619. He was an advocate, and gained celebrity by an argument in 1594 against the Jesuits, and in favor of the university of Paris. He was the author of Avis au roi Louis XIII. pour bien regner, and of various other writings. He was a Roman Catholic, although denounced by the Jesuits as a Huguenot. He was the father of 20 children, ten of whom died young, and the others, four sons and six daughters, became connected with the Port Royal convent.

II. Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, eldest son of the preceding, born in Paris about 1588, died at Port Royal, Sept. 27, 1674. He was originally an advocate, and like his father distinguished himself by a plea for the university of Paris and against the Jesuits. At the age of 55 he retired to a farm adjoining the convent of Port Royal, where he passed the remainder of his life in seclusion, devoting his time to theological subjects, and writing and translating. Among his works are translations of the " Confessions" of Augustine and of Josephus's "History of the Jews," memoirs of his own life, La vie de Jesus (a poem), and Vies des saints peres du desert et de quelques saintes (3 vols. 8vo), which he considered his best work. HI. Henri, bishop of Angers, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1597, died at Angers about 1692. He was destined for the bar, but on receiving from the crown the gift of the abbey of St. Nicholas, entered the church. He was elected bishop of Toul by the diocesan chapter, but, some question arising, he refused to accept the position. In 1645 he went to Rome to appease the quarrel between the Barberini family and Pope Innocent X.; in this he was so successful that a medal was struck and a statue erected in his honor.

Returning to France, he was in 1649 made bishop of Angers. He became a zealous Jansenist, and was one of the four bishops who refused to sign the acceptance of the papal bull condemning the Augustinus of Jansenius. He was accustomed to take only live hours' sleep, that he might gain time for prayer and reading the Scriptures. He left his diocese only on one occasion, and that was to reconcile the prince of Tarento to his father, the duke de la Tre-mouille. In 1G52 Angers revolted, and the queen mother was about to take heavy vengeance, but was prevented by Arnauld, who in administering the sacrament said to her, "Take the body of Him who forgave his enemies when on the cross." He was urged to take one day in the week for recreation; but replied, "I will do so when you find me a day when I am not a bishop." His Negociations a la cour de Rome (5 vols., 1748) contain many curious facts and anecdotes.

IV. Antoine, called "the great Arnauld," youngest son of Antoine, and brother of the two preceding, born in Paris, Feb. 6, 1612, died near Liege, Aug. 8, 1694. He studied for the law, but was induced to turn his attention to theology. In 1641 he became a priest, and was made doctor of the Sorbonne. In 1643 he was made associate of the Sorbonne. In this year he published his famous work De la frequente communion, which was sharply attacked by the Jesuits. Arnauld replied in his Theologie morale des Jesuites, which was the beginning of a long and fierce controversy. His opponents endeavored to have him summoned to Rome, to avoid which he retired to the convent of Port Royal des Champs, near Paris. Soon afterward he became involved in the disputes concerning Jansenius and his Augustinus, several propositions in which had been (Aug. 1, 1641) condemned by Pope Urban VIII. Arnauld undertook to defend the work of Jansenius against the papal bull. Besides strictly controversial works, he wrote at this period Mceurs de Veglise catholique; La correction; La grace; La verite de la religion; De la foi, de l'esperance et de la charite; and the Manuel de Saint Augustin; and translated his Frequente communion into Latin. He also undertook the spiritual direction of the nuns in the convent of Port Royal, of which his sister Marie Jacqueline was abbess.

In connection with Pascal, Nicole, and others, he prepared several elementary works on education. " The Port Royal Grammars " held their place as text books for a long time. In 1640 the Jansenist controversy broke out afresh, and the Augustinus was again condemned by the pope. In 1655 or 1656 Arnauld found it necessary to leave Port Royal and seek a secret place of refuge; he was at this time expelled from the Sorbonne, and from the faculty of theology. 72 doctors and many licentiates going out with him. For Pascal's famous "Provincial Letters," against the Jesuits, Arnauld furnished the materials, the wit and satire being Pascal's. In 1658 Arnauld entered personally into the contest, in his Cinque ecrits enfaxeur des cures de Paris contre les casuistes reldches, which was followed in 1662 by La nouvelle heresie, and in 1669 by the first volume of his Morale pratique, the last volume of which was not published until the year of his death. All these works were directed against the Jesuits. The peace of Clement IX. (1668) for a time allayed the Jansenist controversy. Arnauld contributed to this by an eloquent memorial to the pontiff.

He was presented to the papal nuncio, and to Louis XIV., who received him graciously, and urged him to "employ his golden pen in defence of religion." Arnauld, in conjunction with Nicole, wrote a work De la perpetuite de la foi de Veglise catholique, which was dedicated to the pope. This work gave rise to a controversy between Arnauld and the reformed minister Claude. The bishop of Paris procured from Louis XIV. an order for the arrest of Arnauld, who concealed himself for a time in the house of the duchess de Longueville; but in 1679 he went to Brussels, where he was assured of protection. Here in 1681 he published his Apo-logie pour les Catholiques, a defence of his old antagonists the Jesuits against the ab-surd charges brought forward in England by Titus Oates. In 1689 appeared an anonymous work, afterward shown to be written by Arnauld, directed against the prince of Orange, William III. of England, in which that statesman was designated as " a new Absalom, a new Herod, and a new Cromwell." In opposition to the views of his old friend Malebranche, Arnauld wrote in 1683 his Traite des vraies et , des fausses idees, and in 1685 his Reflexions philosophiques et theologiques sur le nouveau systeme de la nature et de la grace du pere Male-branche. He continued to the last, even when more than 80 years, old, to carry on his contro-versies with Malebranche, with the Calvin-ists, and with Bayle and other skeptical philosophers.

His last work, Reflexions sur I'eloquence des predicateurs, appeared in 1694. His writ-ings, as named by Moreri, comprise320 works; and as originally published they appeared in 100 volumes. They were collected and pub-lished at Lausanne and Paris in 45 vols. 4to (1775-83).

V. Marie Jacqueline Angeliqne, abbess | of Port Royal, sister of the preceding, born in 1591, died Aug. 6,1661. At the age of 14 she was made abbess of Port Royal des Champs. At 17 she was directed by the general of the order of St. Bernard to reform the abbey of Maubuisson, where she subjected herself to all the privations imposed upon the sisterhood. She became con-vinced that her election as abbess of Port Royal was invalid, and resigned, after having secured a provision that thereafter the abbesses should be chosen triennially. Some years afterward the pope chose her to establish a new convent which the duchess de Longueville was about to found in honor of the holy sacrament. This establishment not continuing, Marie Jacqueline returned to the convent of Port Royal, and was again elected abbess, a position which she retained for 12 years. Racine, in his Histoire de Port Royal, attributes to her the authorship of the history of the persecution suffered by the nuns, which was published at Paris in 1724.

VI. Agnes, sister of the preceding, born in 1594, died Feb. 19,1671. She entered the convent when a mere child, and at the age of 15 was appointed mistress of the novices. She was at the head of the establishment during the five years which her sister passed at Maubuisson; then became her coadjutor, and was subsequently chosen abbess, and for 27 years governed Port Royal, alternately with her sister, whom she survived nine years. She was the author of two books, Le chaplet secret du Saint Sacrament (1663), which was suppressed at Rome, but without being formally censured, and L'image de la religieuse parfaite et imparfaite (1665). The Constitutions de Port Royal are also attributed to her. These abbesses were two of six sisters, all belonging to one convent, and all attached to the Jansenist party. The archbishop of Paris said that they were "as pure as angels, but as proud as devils." VII. Angelique, usually designated by her conventual name Mere Angelique de St. Jean, born in Paris, Nov. 24, 1624, died there, Jan. 20, 1684. She was the daughter of Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, and niece of the four preceding, She was educated in the convent of Port Royal by her aunt Marie Jacqueline. When not quite 20 years old she became a nun, and nine years afterward was chosen sub-prioress of the convent.

When the establishment was removed to Port Royal de Paris she retained the same position. A royal order having been issued for breaking up the institution, the inmates were arrested by the police, and dispersed through various convents, every endeavor being made to induce them to accede to the formulary of Pope Alexander VI. From these solicitations Angelique was especially excepted, because her " known obstinacy" made it sure that she would not agree. At length the nuns were restored to Port Royal des Champs, but were for years subjected to the surveillance of the police, no intercourse being permitted between them and persons outside of the convent. In 1669 the Port Royal society was reconstituted, Angelique being again elected prioress. In 1688 she was chosen abbess. But the next year her powerful protector, the duchess de Longneville, died, and the persecution was renewed, it being expressly ordered that no new novices should be admitted. Angelique exerted herself to stem the storm; she consoled the nuns, and put forth all her influence with persons in power. Her efforts were unavailing, and she sank under a complication of griefs. She was learned, pious, and gentle.

She wrote several books, the most valuable of which is Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de Port Royal, et a la vie de la reverende Mere Marie Angelique de Sainte Madeleine Arnauld, reformatrice de ce monastere (3 vols., Utrecht, 1742). She also took a considerable part in the preparation of the Necrologie de Port Royal des Champs (Amsterdam, 1723), and wrote other works in defence of the convent.