ARIZONA                                                           IOO                                                       ARKANSAS

the number of steps required for the solution and show the character of each; (4) should then give the approximate answer. Figuring for the correct answer should often follow; but frequently this fifth piece of work should be omitted.

It is hardly wise to allow children to study their arithmetic and receive help upon it at home. The reason for this statement is that parents and other home friends usually have different ways of solving problems from those employed at school. Sometimes these home methods are worse, sometimes better, than those used at school. But they are almost bound to be a source of confusion. It is generally best, if home help seems necessary, for the helper to try to understand and follow the school method.

Reference books : Mathematics in the Elementary School; Teachers College Record, Columbia University; Teaching of Elementary Mathematics, D. E. Smith; Special Method in Elementary Arithmetic, C. A. McMurry; The Psychology of Number, Mc-Lellan and Dewey.

F. M. McMurry. Arizo'na, a southwestern territory of the United States, is as large as Italy or New York and New England combined; area, 112,920 square miles. It is made up of great plains, mountains and canons. The highest peak is Mt. San Francisco, 12,561 feet. The Colorado River, 1,100 miles long, runs through the mightiest series of chasms in the world, with walls of marble and granite 1,000 to 6,500 feet high. Where it is highest it is called the Grand Canon. The Gila River is 650 miles long, and with its tributaries entirely crosses the southern portion of the territory.

Climate. There is a difference of both temperature and rainfall between the northern and southern sections, owing to their altitudes. Although the sandy region around Yuma is the hottest district north of the Isthmus of Panama, the dry atmosphere keeps the summer's heat from being very oppressive and makes the winter climate delightful.

Minerals. Arizona is rich in minerals, and mining is the chief business. Jerome is a very active mining town in the copper region; there has also been considerable development of gold mines. Coal, mica, nickel ores, wolframite, from which tungsten is made, limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, vanadium, turquoise and garnet occur.

In Navajo County is a wonderful chalcedony forest. The cracked trunks of this petrified wood are sometimes four feet thick, and show the most exquisite colors. The total value of mineral output in 1905 was 41,346,124 dollars.

Forests. The mountain areas of Arizona are covered with forests of pine, cedar and

other timber, while the cottonwood follo.ws every stream. In the vicinity of the San Francisco Mountains the lumber industry is quite important, but in this and other sections the government has set aside vast timber tracts.

Agriculture. Because of lack of water, agricultural development has been greatly retarded. The valleys are remarkably fertile, and much is expected from the arid sections with the construction of the government reservoirs and extension of irrigated areas. The products at present embrace wheat, barley, alfalfa, apricots, oranges, olives, etc. Experiments are being conducted in the cultivation of Egyptian cotton and dates, thus utilizing the arid lands of the south.

Manufactures. Little as yet is being done in this line, but the chief manufacturing interests are mining, smelting, lumber and the car shop works.

Education. The public school system is good, and education is compulsory. In 1905 the public schools had 525 teachers and 21,506 enrolled pupils. There are private and sectarian schools, a territorial university at Tucson, normal schools at Tempe and Flagstaff, high schools at Phoenix, Prescott and Mesa, and the government maintains several Indian schools. The territory maintains an asylum for the insane near Phoenix, a penitential y at Yuma and an industrial school at Benson.

Government and History. The governor and superior court judges are appointed by the president. The people choose a legislature and a delegate to Congress. The capital is Phoenix (population 11,134). Tucson, Jerome and Prescott are other large towns. An Italian friar and a freed African slave were the modern discoverers of Arizona, going there from Mexico in 1539 as missionaries. They found traces or a great and populous race, that had once lived there, either of the Pueblo or Aztec stock. The Jesuits followed these discoverers, but all their work was swept away by the Apache forays in 1828. That part of the state north of the Gila River was ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 and the remainder in 1853 by the Gadsden purchase. Arizona was organized as a territory in 1863, having previously been part of New Mexico. Population, 204,354-

Arkansas (är'kansa'), a state which takes its name from the Arkansas Indians. By act of the legislature some years ago it was declared that the correct pronunciation of the word is Ar'kansa.' It has the Mississippi River on" the east, Missouri on the north, Oklahoma on the west and Louisiana on the south. The state is larger than New York: area 53,845 square miles.

Surface. The surface of Arkansas varies in elevation from the lowlands of the Mis-