UNITED STATES                                     1972                                      UNITED STATES

Iowa have the largest dairy-industries. The leading states in the raising of poultry are Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio and Indiana. Among the grazing states Texas leads in the raising of cattle, Montana in that of sheep. In 1907 the wooVclip was 298,294,-750 pounds, the United States ranking only fourth among the wool-producing countries of the world. (See Dairy-Factory, Gardening, Grazing, Poultry, Ranching, Stock-Raising and Wool.)

Mining. This stands third among the groups of industries of the United States. The total quantity of ores, minerals and metals produced can not be given, because the measures for the different products differ, but in 1906 their value was $1,904,-007,034. (See Mining and articles on such subjects, in alphabetical order, as Aluminum, Mica or Zinc). Gold is produced mainly in Colorado, California and Nevada; silver in Colorado, Montana, Utah and Idaho; sapphires in Montana, North Carolina and Idaho; and turquoises in Arizona and New Mexico. Agates, amethysts, beryls, diamonds, garnets, pearls, rubies, quartz crystals and tourmaline are also found. (See articles under these titles.) Since 1902 about $1,500,000 of precious stones (a. v.) have been mined.

Lumbering. This industry ranks fourth among those of the country, the manufacturing, agricultural and mining groups of industries preceding it, as do also the single industries of steel and iron, textiles and slaughtering and meat-packing. Two thirds of the woodland are in the east and south, less than a third being on the Pacific slope and the Rockies. The merchantable forests cover 500,000 square miles. Of the 320,000 square miles of these forests in the east, the lake states and the south 175,000 are soft wood and the rest hard wood. The white pine is in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, the yellow in the southern states. In 1905 there were 19,127 lumbering establishments with a capital of $517,224,128. They used $183,786,210 of raw material. The finished product, excluding fuel, minor products, naval stores and woodpulp, was worth $580,022,690. The value of the sawn lumber was $435,708,084. Four fifths of the cut come from the conifers. See Forest, Lumbering, Pine and articles on such states as California, Georgia, Maine, Michigan, Oregon, Washington and Wisconsin.

Fishing. In the extent and value of its fisheries the United States leads the world. The industry employs 6,931 vessels and 219,139 men; has a capital of $93,874,-269; and produces to the value of $59,977,-339. (The statistics include Alaska and sealing). The Atlantic states produce about 75% of the output, the Pacific states 15, the Great Lakes and the Gulf five each (about 50,000 tons each annually). The total

fish-catch is over 1,000,000 tons a year, the aggregate catch from waters not included in the enumeration being considerable. Alaska, Oregon and Washington put up salmon; Massachusetts cures cod, herring and mackerel; and Maine tins sardines. Fish-canning and fish-preserving establish ments in 1905 numbered 373, and employed 0,959 wage-earners. The capital was $19,-853,016, the value of the material $15,885,-354 and that of the output $26,377,210. (See articles under titles above and Bering Sea, Furs and Seals).

Commerce This is both domestic and foreign. The first is larger than that of any other country, and greatly surpasses that with outside nations. As shipments of 'interstate commerce are not entered at customhouses, no statement as to xae amount of domestic commerce can be made. But in foreign commerce, though America is only third among nations, our exports in 1906-7 were $1,435,179,017 and the imports $991,087,371. The best customers of the United States are the United Kingdom and Germany, both as buyers and as sellers. Canada coming third as a purchaser and France third as a seller. Over $1,298,452,380 of our exports in 1906—7 (excluding gold and silver) went to Europe, but only $349,-840,641 to North America outside of the United States Asia and Oceania took $133,889,857; South America $82,157,174; and Africa $16,511,026. From Europe we imported $747,291,253 of products; from North American countries $263,576,349; from Asia and Oceania $242,260,820; from South America $160,165,537; andfrom Africa $21,127,466. Our chief exports consist of cotton ($481,277,797 in 1907); meat and dairy-products ($202,392,508); breadstuffs ($184,120,702); and iron, steel and their products ($181,530,871). Agricultural products form nearly two thirds of the exports, manufactures less than a third. The leading imports in 1906-7 were sugar ($92,806,-253); hides and skins ($83,206,545); chemicals, drugs and dyes ($82,997,914); coffee ($78,231,902); cotton-goods ($73,704,636); and raw silk ($71,411,899). Raw materials formed 38% of the imports; animals and foods 21; manufactures 17; and luxuries 15. The Atlantic slope transacts two thirds of the foreign commerce of the United States, New York doing practically half of the country's trade abroad, and in 1905-6 the duties on imports yielded over $300,000,-000. (See Commerce, Consuls, Free Trade, Ocean-Routes, Protection, Tariff and Trade-Routes.)

Communication Transportation in the United States is effected by means of waterways, roads, steam railroads and electric railways.