(6) The shyness, which is spoken of in relation to blushing, has nothing to do with fear, though the word, as otherwise used, may be regarded as having fear within its meaning. Both fear and cowardice may be involved in its meaning. But the shyness that fits and prepares one for the blush of shame is made up of diffidence, bashfulness, and humility, and also of modesty in its non-sexual sense. This kind of shy man may have the courage of a lion, may wear the Victoria Cross, and be a veritable Bayard. Yet he may hate to be gazed at as he makes an after-dinner speech, and may refuse all invitations to afternoon teas. He has not the protection of being self-satisfied, self-approving, and conceited. A really conceited man is never shy, and it has been said that he never blushes. It is certain, I think, that he cannot be very shy, and that he cannot blush often. It seems clear that the sense of shame at having done or said what is unbecoming cannot be easily roused in minds such as the conceited and self-satisfied possess. They feel that they are above the risk of committing improprieties. But the mind of the shy, diffident, bashful, modest man is quite ready to feel shame at the hundreds of things - never of grave import - which give birth to blushes. He may be correctly called self-conscious, because that word has so many meanings that some one of them may fit his condition, but it still leaves -bum with humility and modesty and without self-satisfaction and conceit, and there is nothing to hinder him from feeling that he may have committed some such thing as a breach of etiquette, or to stop the consequent blush of shame.

(7) There can be no doubt that persons blush when quite alone, but there is as little doubt as to this being a rare occurrence. The recollection, years after, of something awkward that took place may cause the cheeks to redden, but this does not happen frequently. The blush rises much more readily at what is actually occurring in the presence of others. What they are supposed to see, or say, or think is the usual and immediate exciter of the blush.

One may in retirement regret a fault he has committed and may know that detection is coming, yet not experience the slightest tendency to blush. It is not the sense of blameworthiness that causes the blush. But if blame is brought home to him unexpectedly by a stranger, especially in the presence of other strangers, he is 'covered with confusion,' that is, he blushes. I have the young specially in my mind when I say this, and I remember how they exaggerate the small, trifling matters which cause them to blush, and how they speak of Guilt in regard to what does not really rise above a gaucherie, a breach of etiquette, a mild impropriety, or a stupid remark. In the sense of shame that raises a blush, conscience plays little or no part. It is not the feeling of guilt, but the thought that others think us guilty. We may even know ourselves to be altogether innocent, and yet blush at the thought that those present believe they have detected us in some fault, and regard us as deserving of blame.

It is not necessary that the bystanders shall be seen. It is only necessary that they be known or thought to be present. For it is safe to assert that persons blush in the dark, in spite of what poets and others have written. Campbell quotes Perty as saying that blushing never occurs when one is alone or in the dark. He also quotes Hagen as being of the same opinion. My own inquiries lead clearly to the belief that blushing both in solitude and in the dark can take place. It is certain that the blind from birth arc often great blushers in their young days, and they are always in the dark. Of this I have satisfied myself conclusively. But they also, like those who see, blush most readily when they know that they are in the presence of others.

In the case both of the blind when in solitude, and of the seeing who are in solitude and in the dark, there may occur a sense of shame at what concerns others, and concerns themselves in no way, and this sense of shame may bring up a blush, but this is not a common occurrence.

All this relates to the trivial tilings that habitually cause the blush of shame. Things of grave import never cau3e it. A man may be full of remorse for a great crime be has committed, he may be oppressed with a sense of guilt, and he may realise that God knows of it and condemns him, but this does not cause him to blush. There is a failure to understand the nature and causes of blushing, unless it be clearly Understood that it relates only to, and expresses only, a sense of shame caused by things which are really of small moment, and which, being recognised as of that character by grown-up people, have no tendency to excite blushing in them. The young magnify their importanee, and by the old they are sometimes perhaps belittled. Hence grown-up people rarely blush - rarely as compared with the young. They are protected, according to this view, by their riper judg-trient.

(8) Campbell quotes Hagen as saying that in the decline of a blush the 'natural colour returns to the face, or it becomes pallid,' and this correctly describes what happens, so far as my observations go. I take it to mean that usually - in the great majority of eases as I think - the face at once resumes its natural colour after a blush, but that in certain instances - very rare, as I think - pallor follows the disappearance of the blush. It appears to me that this is also in substantial agreement with the opinions of Burgess. Vanishing into pallor is not the normal progress, but its occurrence is possibles No observer will see it often, and many will never see it

The occurrence of a consequent pallor is much more frequently noted by lay than by medical writers, and it seems to me that some of these laymen are not: tightly bound by a love of accuracy, which bores them, and that under the sway of sentimental con-siderations they see what they think pretty, namely-the crimson not merely melting away, but running into the pallid. They persuade themselves that they see this often, which I treat as an error, though think it may sometimes occur.