(9) Generally only the face, cars, and neck redden, but it is nevertheless correct to say that the whole body may be affected, and there may be tingling, or some peculiar sensation, almost everywhere. The redness may begin on the forehead, but it usually begins on the cheeks, from which it spreads to the ears and neck, in no regular or uniform manner. It rarely goes so low down as the collar-bones or shoulder-blades, but there are well-attested cases on record in which it has gone down much lower - over the chest and abdomen, and even over the upper part of the legs.

In persons who belong to races that habitually go almost naked the blush is said to be more extended, and to go often down to the arms, chest, and waist. But it is not a well-established fact that this is a distinct characteristic of people whose bodies are nearly as much exposed as are the faces and necks of more fully clothed people. In other words, it is not certain that in such people blushing has habitually this greater extent.

Against the view that the parts of the body more or less constantly exposed are those most liable to become red, from any state of mind, is the fact that the hands, which are almost constantly exposed, never redden from such a cause. It is not alleged in the case of any race, however scantily it may be clothed, that the blush is not often entirely confined to the face, neck, and ears. All that has been alleged is, that among the scantily clothed blushing is more liable to spread over the chest or back than among those whose dress covers them more completely. It seems to me almost certain that this merely means that in the scantily clothed we have opportunities of seeing this more frequently than in the fully

Among the fully clothed races the face is much considered - it is probably the most important item of what goes to make up beauty, for which indeed good looks' is almost a synonym. The face, however, does not receive this consideration because it happens to be a constantly exposed part of the body, but because it is the part through which the mind and character can best be disclosed and read. And there is no evidence that races, who expose habitually other parts of the body, give anything like a comparable consideration to the other parts so exposed.

There is no good reason in short for supposing that the face is the usual seat of blushing because it is habitually exposed; nor does this exposure explain why there is in the face a peculiar arrangement of the capillaries, which facilitates its being suffused

The most characteristic of the flushings with which Dr. Campbell deals are those which are so strongly marked in women at the climacteric period, but such flushes do not seem to me to be capable of being mistaken for blushes. The face, indeed, reddens for a great many reasons. Many strong mental disturbances cause it to redden. So does excessive exercise. And so do many states of disease. But the flush of rage is the most interesting, as it has a special mental state for its origin, and as this mental state differs so greatly from that which calls up the blush.

(11) From the red flush of anger, or the hectic flush of disease, blushing is easily and certainly distinguished. It is in the expression of the countenance that the difference mainly lies. 'In anger,' Bacon says, 'the eyes wax red; and in blushing, not the eyes, but the ears, and the parts behind them.' He curiously limits the blush to the ears, but he rightly insists on there being a distinct difference between it and the flush of rage. The flush of rage is not confined to man. It probably occurs in many animals, though it is only visible in a few. It is quite visible, for instance, in the turkey and the game cock. In these animals it constitutes the expression of a mental state, similar to that of which it is the expression in man. It is impossible, however, even to guess why the caruncle of a turkey-cock should become red when the bird is in a state of anger.

(12) It has been said that in an intense blush we have symptoms which characterise inflammation, redness, heat, swelling, and pain - and this can scarcely be doubted. If the blush could be kept up, structural changes would almost certainly begin to appear It is the short life of the blush, its evanescence, the accounts for the preservation of the health of the part The expression of the features of the face, which attends blushing, has nothing, however, to do with the consideration of blushing as the beginning of and inflammatory process, but it should be remembered that whenever the suffusion of the face subsides the features resume their usual expression. It is more true, even than it is of blushing, that the various forms of facial flushing can be properly regarded as 1 the beginnings of inflammation, and that, if they per-sisted they would lead to what is usual in inflammation. Both in blushing and in flushing, before the fading commences, the redness often becomes a scarlet red, and this, perhaps, is due to a direct oxygenation of the blood close to the surface. Whether the redness of the cheeks is due entirely to a greater flow of blood in the dilated capillaries, or is due in part to some stagnation of blood, it is difficult to say. The quantity of blood in the cheeks is at all times large, and it is easily increased - by violent exercise, for instance, or in fevers, or under states of mind differing from that state which causes the blush - rage, for example. These suffusions take place in the cutis or true skin, which is almost white in all races.

(13) Burgess points out that we cannot cause a blush by any physical means, as we can cause laughter by tickling. In blushing the mind must always be affected. It is always, and only, a bodily expression of a mental state. And it is involuntary. 'No individual blushes of his own free will.' It never appears under an order of the will. It comes without call instantaneously, and vanishes almost as quickly. Neither for its coming nor for its going is there any exercise of volition.