Butternut. 55. Butternut (Juglans Cinerea) (White Walnut)

Wood very similar to black walnut, but light, quite soft, not strong and of light brown color. Used chiefly for finishing lumber, cabinetwork, and cooperage. Medium-sized tree, largest and most common in the Ohio basin; Maine to Minnesota and southward to Georgia and Alabama.

Catalpa

56. Catalpa (Catalpa Speciosa)

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, durable, of coarse texture and brown color; used for ties and posts, but well suited for a great variety of uses. Medium-sized tree; lower basin of the Ohio River, locally common. Extensively planted, and therefore promising to become of some importance. CHERRY.

57. Cherry (Prunus Serotina)

Wood heavy, hard, strong, of fine texture; sapwood yellowish white, heart wood reddish to brown. The wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and stands well, takes a good polish, and is much esteemed for its beauty. Cherry is chiefly used as a decorative finishing lumber for buildings, cars, and boats, also for furniture and in turnery. It is becoming too costly for many purposes for which it is naturally well suited. The lumber-furnishing cherry of this country, the wild black cherry (Prunus serotina), is a small to medium sized tree, scattered through many of the broad-leaved woods of the western slope of the Alleghanies, but found from Michigan to Florida and west to Texas. Other species of this genus as well as the hawthorns (Cratcegus) and wild apple (Pyrus) are not commonly offered in the market. Their wood is of the same character as cherry, often even finer, but in small dimensions. CHESTNUT.

58. Chestnut (Castanea Vulgaris Var. Americana)

Wood light, moderately soft, stiff, not strong, of coarse texture; the sap wood light, the heartwood darker brown. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works easily, stands well, and is very durable. Used in cabinetwork, cooperage, for railway ties, telegraph poles, and locally in heavy construction. Medium-sized tree, very common in the Alleghanies, occurs from Maine to Michigan and southward to Alabama.

59. Chinquapin (Castanea Pumila)

A small-sized tree, with wood slightly heavier but otherwise similar to the preceding; most common in Arkansas, but with nearly the same range as the chestnut.

60. Chinquapin (Castanopsis Chrysophylla)

A medium-sized tree of the western ranges of California and Oregon.

Coffee Tree

61. Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) (Coffee Nut)

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very stiff, of coarse texture, durable; the sapwood yellow, the heart-wood reddish brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; works and stands well and takes a good polish. It is used to a limited extent in cabinetwork. A medium to large sized tree; not common. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Arkansas.

Cottonwood

(See Poplar.)

Cucumber Tree

(See Tulip.)

Elm

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough; moderately durable in contact with the soil; commonly crossgrained, difficult to split and shape, warps, and checks considerably in drying, but stands well if properly handled. The broad sapwood whitish, heart, brown, both with shades of gray and red; on split surface rough; texture coarse to fine; capable of high polish. Elm is used in the construction of cars, wagons, etc., in boat and ship building, for agricultural implements and machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery and harness work, but particularly in the manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the beautiful figures, especially those of the tangential or bastard section, are just beginning to be duly appreciated. The elms are medium to large sized trees, of fairly rapid growth, with stout trunk, form no forests of pure growth, but are found scattered in all the broad-leaved woods of our country, sometimes forming a considerable portion of the arborescent growth.

62. White Elm ( Ulmus Americana) (American Elm, Water Elm)

Medium to large sized tree, common. Maine to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas.

63. Rock Elm (Ulmus Racemosa) (Cork Elm, Hickory Elm, White Elm, Cliff Elm)

Medium to large sized tree. Michigan, Ohio, from Vermont to Iowa, southward to Kentucky.

64. Red Elm (Ulmus Fulva) (Slippery Elm, Moose Elm)

Small-sized tree, found chiefly along water courses. New York to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas.

65. Cedar Elm (Ulmus Crassifolia)

Small-sized tree, quite common. Arkansas and Texas.

66. Winged Elm (Ulmus Alata) (Wahoo)

Small-sized tree, locally quite common. Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Virginia.

Gum

This general term refers to two kinds of wood usually distinguished as sweet or red gum, and sour, black, or tupelo gum, the former being a relative of the witch-hazel, the latter belonging to the dogwood family.

67. Tupelo (Nyssa Sylvatica) (Sour Gum, Black Gum)

Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of fine texture frequently crossgrained, of yellowish or grayish white color, hard to split and work, troublesome in seasoning, warps and checks considerably, and is not durable if exposed; used for wagon hubs, wooden ware, handles, wooden shoes, etc. Medium to large sized trees, with straight, clear trunks; locally quite abundant, but never forming forests of pure growth.

68. Tupelo Gum (Nyssa Uniflora) (Cotton Gum)

Lower Mississippi basin, northward to Illinois and eastward to Virginia, otherwise like preceding species.

69. Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua) (Red Gum, Liquidambar, Bilsted)

Wood rather heavy, rather soft, quite stiff and strong, tough, commonly cross-grained, of fine texture; the broad sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish brown; the wood shrinks and warps considerably, but does not check badly, stands well when fully seasoned, and takes good polish. Sweet gum is used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture, for cut veneer, for wooden plates, plaques, baskets, etc., also for wagon hubs, hat blocks, etc. A large-sized tree, very abundant, often the principal tree in the swampy parts of the bottoms of the lower Mississippi Valley; occurs from New York to Texas and from Indiana to Florida.