Mulberry. 83. Red Mulberry (Moms Rubra)

Wood moderately heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, of coarse texture, durable; sap wood whitish, heart yellow to orange brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; works and stands well. Used in cooperage and locally in shipbuilding and in the manufacture of farm implements. A small-sized tree, common in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, but widely distributed in the eastern United States.

Oak

Wood very variable, usually very heavy and hard, very strong and tough, porous, and of coarse texture; the sap wood whitish, the heart "oak" brown to reddish brown. It shrinks and checks badly, giving trouble in seasoning, but stands well, is durable, and little subject to attacks of insects. Oak is used for many purposes: in shipbuilding, for heavy construction, in common carpentry, in furniture, car, and wagon work, cooperage, turnery, and even in wood carving; also in the manufacture of all kinds of farm implements, wooden mill machinery, for piles and wharves, railway ties, etc. The oaks are medium to large sized trees, forming the predominant part of a large portion of our broad-leaved forests, so that these are generally "oak forests" though they always contain a considerable proportion of other kinds of trees. Three well-marked kinds, white, red, and live oak, are distinguished and kept separate in the market. Of the two principal kinds white oak is the stronger, tougher, less porous, and more durable. Red oak is usually of coarser texture, more porous, often brittle, less durable, and even more troublesome in seasoning than white oak. In carpentry and furniture work red oak brings about the same price at present as white oak. The red oaks everywhere accompany the white oaks, and, like the latter, are usually represented by several species in any given locality. Live oak, once largely employed in shipbuilding, possesses all the good qualities (except that of size) of white oak, even to a greater degree. It is one of the heaviest, hardest, and most durable building timbers of this country; in structure it resembles the red oaks, but is much less porous.

84. White Oak (Quercus Alba)

Medium to large sized tree, common in the Eastern States, Ohio and Mississippi valleys; occurs throughout eastern United States.

85. Bur Oak (Quercus Macrocarpa) (Mossy-Cup Oak, Over-Cup Oak)

Large-sized tree, locally abundant, common. Bottoms west of Mississippi; range farther west than preceding.

86. Swamp White Oak (Quercus Bicolor)

Large-sized tree, common. Most abundant in the Lake States, but with range as in white oak.

87. Yellow Oak (Quercus Prinoides (Chestnut Oak, Chinquapin Oak)

Medium-sized tree. Southern Alleghanies, eastward to Massachusetts.

88. Basket Oak (Quercus Michauxii) (Cow Oak)

Large-sized tree, locally abundant; lower Mississippi and eastward to Delaware.

89. Over-Cup Oak (Quercus Lyrata) (Swamp White Oak, Swamp Post Oak)

Medium to large sized tree, rather restricted; ranges as in the preceding.

90. Post Oak (Quercus Obtusiloba) (Iron Oak)

Medium to large sized tree. Arkansas to Texas, eastward to New England and northward to Michigan.

91. White Oak (Quercus Durandii)

Medium to small sized tree. Texas, eastward to Alabama.

92. White Oak (Quercus Garryana)

Medium to large sized tree. Washington to California.

93. White Oak (Quercus Lobata)

Medium to large sized tree; largest oak on the Pacific Coast; California.

94. Red Oak (Quercus Rubra) (Black Oak)

Medium to large sized tree; common in all parts of its range. Maine to Minnesota, and southward to the Gulf.

95. Black Oak (Quercus Tinctoria) (Yellow Oak)

Medium to large sized tree; very common in the Southern States, but occurring north as far as Minnesota, and eastward to Maine.

96. Spanish Oak (Quercus Falcata) (Red Oak)

Medium-sized tree, common in the South Atlantic and Gulf region, but found from Texas to New York, and north to Missouri and Kentucky.

97. Scarlet Oak (Quercus Coccinea)

Medium to large sized tree; best developed in the lower basin of the Ohio, but found from Maine to Missouri, and from Minnesota to Florida.

98. Pin Oak (Quercus Palustris) (Swamp Spanish Oak, Water Oak)

Medium to large sized tree, common along borders of streams and swamps. Arkansas to Wisconsin, and eastward to the Alleghanies.

99. Willow Oak (Quercus Phellos) (Peach Oak)

Small to medium sized tree. New York to Texas, and northward to Kentucky.

100. Water Oak (Quercus Aquatica) (Duck Oak, Possum Oak, Punk Oak)

Medium to large sized tree, of extremely rapid growth. Eastern Gulf States, eastward to Delaware, and northward to Missouri and Kentucky.

101. Live Oak (Quercus Virens)

Small-sized tree, scattered along the coast from Virginia to Texas.

102. Live Oak (Quercus Chrysolepis) (Maul Oak, Valparaiso Oak)

Medium-sized tree; California.

Osage Orange

103. Osage Orange (Maclura Aurantiaca) (Bois D'Arc)

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, not tough, of moderately coarse texture, and very durable; sap wood yellow, heart brown on the end, yellow on longitudinal faces, soon turning grayish brown if exposed; it shrinks considerably in drying, but once dry it stands unusually well. Formerly much used for wheel stock in the dry regions of Texas; otherwise employed for posts, railway ties, etc. Seems too little appreciated; it is well suited for turned ware and especially for wood carving. A small-sized tree, of fairly rapid growth, scattered through the rich bottoms of Arkansas and Texas. PERSIMMON.

104. Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana)

Wood very heavy and hard, strong and tough; resembles hickory, but is of finer texture; the broad sapwood cream color, the heart black; used in turnery for shuttles, plane stocks, shoe lasts, etc. Small to medium sized tree, common and best developed in the lower Ohio Valley, but occurs from New York to Texas and Missouri.