Spruce

Resembles soft pine, is light, very soft, stiff, moderately strong, less resinous than pine; has no distinct heartwood, and is of whitish color. Used like soft pine, but also employed as resonance wood and preferred for paper pulp. Spruces, like pines, form extensive forests; they are more frugal, thrive on thinner soils, and bear more shade, but usually require a more humid climate. "Black " and "white spruce," as applied by lumbermen, usually refer to narrow and wide ringed forms of the black spruce (Picea nigra).

33. Black Spruce (Picea Nigra)

Medium-sized tree, forms extensive forests in northeastern United States and in British America; occurs scattered or in groves, especially in low lands throughout the Northern pineries. Important lumber tree in eastern United States. Maine to Minnesota, British America, and on the Alleghanies to North Carolina.

34. White Spruce (Picea Alba)

Generally associated with the preceding; most abundant along streams and lakes, grows largest in Montana, and forms the most important tree of the subarctic forest of British America. Northern United States, from Maine to Minnesota, also from Montana to Pacific, British America.

35. White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni)

Medium to large sized tree, forming- extensive forests at elevations from 5000 to 10,000 feet above sea level; resembles the preceding, but occupies a different station. A very important timber tree in the central and southern parts of the Rocky Mountains. Rocky Mountains from Mexico to Montana.

36. Tide-Land Spruce (Picea Sitchensis)

A large-sized tree, forming an extensive coast-belt forest. Along the seacoast from Alaska to Central California.

Bastard Spruce

Spruce or fir in name, but resembling hard pine or larch in the appearance, quality, and uses of its wood.

37. Douglas Spruce (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) (Yellow Fir, Red Fir, Oregon Pine)

One of the most important trees of the western United States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all parts of the mountains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea level; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth. Wood very variable, usually coarsegrained and heavy, with very pronounced summer wood, hard and strong ("red" fir), but often finegrained and light ("yellow" fir). It replaces hard pine and is especially suited to heavy construction.

From the plains to the Pacific Ocean; from Mexico to British America. TAMARACK. (See Larch).

Yew

Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff and strong, of fine texture with a pale yellow sapwood, and an orange red heart; seasons well and is quite durable. Yew is extensively used for archery, bows, turner's ware, etc. The yews form no forests, but occur scattered with other conifers.

38. Yew (Taxus Brevifolia)

A small to medium sized tree of the Pacific region.