[Arranged alphabetically].

Woods of simple and uniform structure, generally light, soft but stiff; abundant in suitable dimensions and forming by far the greatest part of all the lumber used.

Cedar

Light, soft, stiff, not strong, of fine texture; sap and heartwood distinct, the former lighter, the latter a dull, grayish brown, or red. The wood seasons rapidly, shrinks and checks but little, and is very durable. Used like soft pine, but owing to its great durability preferred for shingles, etc. Small sizes used for posts, ties, etc.1 Cedars usually occur scattered, but they form, in certain localities, forests of considerable extent.

A. White Cedars. Heartwood

A light grayish brown.

1. White Cedar (Thuya Occidentalis) (Arbor Vitae)

Scattered along streams and lakes, frequently covering extensive swamps; rarely large enough for lumber, but commonly used for posts, ties, etc. Maine to Minnesota and northward.

2. Canoe Cedar (Thuya Gigantea) (Red Cedar Of The West)

In Oregon and Washington a very large tree, covering extensive swamps; in the mountains much smaller, skirting the water courses; an important lumber tree. Washington to northern California and eastward to Montana.

1 Since almost all kinds of woods are used for fuel and charcoal, and in the construction of fences, sheds, barns, etc., the enumeration of these uses has been omitted in this list.

3. White Cedar (Chamcecyparis Thyoides)

Medium-sized tree, wood very light and soft. Along the coast from Maine to Mississippi.

4. White Cedar (Chamcecyparis Lawsoniana) (Port Orford Cedar, Oregon Cedar, Lawson's Cypress, Ginger Pine)

A very large tree, extensively cut for lumber; heavier and stronger than the preceding. Along the coast line of Oregon.

5. White Cedar (Libocedrus Decurrens) (Incense Cedar)

A large tree, abundantly scattered among pine and fir; wood fine grained. Cascades and Sierra Nevada of Oregon and California.

B. Red Cedars. - Heartwood Red. 6. Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) (Savin Juniper)

Similar to white cedar, but of somewhat finer texture . Used in cabinetwork, in cooperage, for veneers, and especially for lead pencils, for which purpose alone several million feet are cut each year. A small to medium sized tree scattered through the forests, or, in the West, sparsely covering extensive areas (cedar brakes). The red cedar is the most widely distributed conifer of the United States, occurring from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Florida to Minnesota, but attains a suitable size for lumber only in the Southern, and more especially the Gulf States.

7. Redwood (Sequoia Sempervirens)

Wood in its quality and uses like white cedar; the narrow sap wood whitish; the heartwood light red, soon turning to brownish red when exposed. A very large tree, limited to the coast ranges of California, and forming considerable forests, which are rapidly being converted into lumber.

Cypress

8. Cypress (Taxodium Distichum) (Bald Cypress; Black, White, And Red Cypress)

Wood in appearance, quality, and uses similar to white cedar. "Black cypress" and "white cypress" are heavy and light forms of the same species. The cypress is a large deciduous tree, occupying much of the swamp and overflow land along the coast and rivers of the Southern States.

Fir

This name is frequently applied to wood and to trees which are not fir; most commonly to spruce, but also, especially in English markets, to pine. It resembles spruce, but it is easily distinguished from it, as well as from pine and larch, by the absence of resin ducts. Quality, uses, and habits similar to spruce.

9. Balsam Fir (Abies Balsamea)

A medium-sized tree scattered throughout the Northern pineries; cut, in lumber operations, whenever of sufficient size, and sold with pine or spruce. Minnesota to Maine and northward.

10. White Fir (Abies Grandis And Abies Coneolor)

Medium to very large sized tree, forming an important part of most of the Western mountain forests, and furnishing much of the lumber of the respective regions. The former occurs from Vancouver to central California and eastward to Montana; the latter from Oregon to Arizona and eastward to Colorado and New Mexico.

11. White Fir (Abies Qmabilis)

Good-sized tree, often forming extensive mountain forests. Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.

12. Red Fir (Abies Nobilis) (Not To Be Confounded With Douglas Fir; See No. 37)

Large to very large tree, forming with A. amabilis extensive forests on the slope of the mountains between 3000 and 4000 feet elevation. Cascade Mountains of Oregon.

13. Red Fir (Abies Magnified)

Very large tree, forming forests about the base of Mount Shasta. Sierja Nevada of California, from Mount Shasta southward.

Hemlock

Light to medium weight, soft, stiff but brittle, commonly crossgrained, rough and splintery; sap wood and heartwood not well defined; the wood of a light, reddish-gray color, free from resin ducts, moderately durable, shrinks and warps considerably, wears rough, retains nails firmly. Used principally for dimension stuff and timbers. Hemlocks are medium to large sized trees, commonly scattered among broad-leaved trees and conifers, but often forming forests of almost pure growth.

14. Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis)

Medium-sized tree, furnishes almost all the hemlock of the Eastern market. Maine to Wisconsin; also following the Alleghanies southward to Georgia and Alabama.

15. Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana)

Large-sized tree, wood claimed to be heavier and harder than the Eastern form and of superior quality. Washington to California and eastward to Montana. LARCH or TAMARACK. - Wood like the best of hard pine, both in appearance, quality, and uses, and owing to its great durability somewhat preferred in shipbuilding, for telegraph poles, and railroad ties. In its structure it resembles spruce. The larches are deciduous trees, occasionally covering considerable areas, but usually scattered among other conifers.

16. Tamarack (Larix Americana) (Hackmatack)

Medium-sized tree, often covering swamps, in which case it is smaller and of poor quality. Maine to Minnesota, and southward to Pennsylvania.

17. Tamarack (L. Occidentalis)

Large-sized trees, scattered, locally abundant. Washington and Oregon to Montana.